Various organizational police functions (local, state, federal) Essay

Different hierarchical police capacities (nearby, state, government) - Essay Example Neighborhood cops: secure violators; safeguard harmony; forestall wrongdoing; implement the law; ensure human life and property; and serve the general population (Johnson and Cox III, 2004). As indicated by Shane (2010), the capacities above contrast from each other progressively [roles and powers are doled out to these levels hierarchically]. Government police organizations implement specific kinds of administrative laws, state officials uphold state laws, and neighborhood cops work at the province level. In regard to the previous, a government specialist has purview over the whole nation, while a neighborhood police operator has his locale restricted to his town, city or province. A state police operator has purview over a whole state. There is no better answer for the way the current law implementation framework works at each level in light of the fact that the various leveled plan of the security frameworks takes into account precise circulation of jobs and obligations, and in this way extirpating disarray and superimposition of jobs. In like manner, with this current framework, peace can be adequately and effectively released, since there is stream of order. For example, government offices, for example, the FBI can without much of a stretch catch a criminal by following up on reports from state

Strategic Thinking And Change Management The WritePass Journal

Key Thinking And Change Management Conceptual Key Thinking And Change Management ). Danger of substitutes With extraordinary rivalry in the Market, there is a potential danger of substitute items. Truth be told, as Netflix and Blockbuster fight it out, others are making progress in substitute contributions as observed with Video-on-request which has developed at twofold digit rates in the previous two years. Bartering intensity of providers Providers are probably going to have less buy power particularly given the procurement of Movielink. On the off chance that this securing prompts increasingly online downloads, the organization will have little requirement for plastic cases and DVDs and in that capacity, the dealing intensity of providers is probably going to diminish (Janjua 2012). Force of serious contention The contention in the market is unquestionably high. As of now, Blockbuster has lost a large number of its clients to Netflix. The organization must rethink and actualize methodologies that would influence back clients. How Blockbuster can realign itself to the requirements of the outer condition The corporate technique would require the organization to benefit from imaginative new advances to give it vital forward leaps in the serious business condition, while not dismissing its in-store activities (Fryman 2010). All things considered, a tick and block system would be progressively reasonable for the organization. Blockbuster must realigns its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. In realigning their business forms with IT, the organization must access the vital arrangement model as far as reason, activities, venture initiative, foundation and objectives that will make a change in outlook (Carr 2010). The realignment procedure must empower the organization to grasp online open doors which Netflix and Redbox have just culminated. Realigning business process with IT (Kalakota 2011) While Blockbuster appears to have just installed IT into their center plan of action as observed with the complete access program which improves online clients experience, this has not helped much as the organization has lost the vast majority of its clients to online retailers, for example, Netflix and Lovefilm .The disappointment by the organization to rapidly adjust to the changing industry condition and customer propensities is recommended to have been the principle issue. The organization took long to change its plan of action and when it did, the serious scene had been in a general sense modified and the convention model obliterated by the new stage model (Carr 2010). The organization needs to direct an enormous advertising effort which should concentrate on developing their online rental supporter base. The organization could likewise shape a union with mobile phone organizations and masterminding with these organizations to permit clients to stream motion pictures on their phone phones.â This would be a good thought thinking about that individuals have their PDAs constantly. With bigger wireless screens, clients would have the option to stream motion pictures from anyplace remembering for the trams, transport stations and even at work environments. Survey could be per membership or pay-per-see (Clark et al. 2013). Another vital move is cooperate with carrier organizations so as to execute a blue box program at air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonalds (Jordan 2011). The blue box program would empower explorers to get a film at one air terminal and to return it to another air terminal or blockbuster store. Further, the organization should concentrate on reinforcing client relationship the executives by actualizing a business system that keeps up significant incentive over the entirety of its client groupings and presenting new client recommendation activities that would give them an edge over their rivals (Afuah 2009). Moreover, Blockbuster needs to actualize an ERP framework that will empower it to follow their inventories. The framework can be actualized steadily starting with one locale then onto the next. This will decrease the time and duplications that the organization as of now has, along these lines expanding effectiveness. As of now, for clients to look at their motion pictures from various blockbusters, they are required to enroll with each store individually.â Given that the ERP framework incorporates information and takes into consideration sharing of data over numerous offices, this may profit the organization through speedier handling of requests and quicker shipments. . While perceiving the need to realign business process with IT, the organization ought not to dismiss its in-store activities. Clients of today have become savvier and are progressively assuming responsibility for their own shopping experience (Deloitte 2011). Retail locations should similarly advance to turn out to be a piece of the unpredictable connection between the retailer and client by giving better approaches for encountering expansiveness and profundity of range (Deloitte 2011). In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more purchasers back to shopping in high boulevards. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more buyers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Scrutinize of contemporary vital administration research and practice Be that as it may, while vital reasoning and change the board has a more noteworthy task to carry out in reviving high road retail locations, such practices are not generally effective. For instance, while the ERP framework may build the proficiency and adequacy of the executives choices, disappointment of such frameworks may antagonistically affect on the association bringing about cost overwhelms and gracefully chain issues (Morgan Smith 2002). Also, a methodology definition that positions a firm in a specialty may limit the firm’s point of view (Mintzberg et al., 1995). That is, such a procedure may disregard opportunity on the off chance that they are just focusing on a specific gathering of market. Another analysis is that vital arranging frameworks are structured as top-down arranging frameworks and as such key choices are just consigned to top administration (Morgan Smith 2002). This infers the arranging frameworks serve to satisfy just the objectives and interests of the top administration and not that of the association. Key administration depends on sound dynamic. But since more often than not we have inadequate data, completely levelheaded choices may not be conceivable and change procedure may bring about unfavorable impacts (Jofre 2011). Thus while change the board might be proposed at expanding the organizations versatility, structures created to advance sanity may have inverse impact (Jofre 2011). In any case, plainly high road retailers need to realign their business procedures to satisfy needs of the changing industry condition. End There is no uncertainty that the previous barely any years have considered a to be as significant high road chains, for example, Blockbusters, Jessops, JJB game, and Comet among numerous others go into organization. The breakdown of notable retailers into receivership is an away from of a declining fortune of Britains high avenues. Every one of these retailers which have gone into organization do share certain shared traits. They all will in general have countless stores and have all experienced issues adjusting to the changing industry condition and retail propensities. For these retailers to keep on flourishing in the business, they should reevaluate and realign themselves to the necessities of the outer condition. For instance, Blockbuster needs to realign its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. The organization ought to embrace a tick and block technique. That is, the organization must grasp online open doors without dismissing its in-store activities. The organization could likewise frame collusions with wireless organizations to permit clients to stream films on their mobile phones. The organization should join forces with aircrafts and execute a blue box programs at the air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonald. The organization may likewise actualize ERP frameworks to build their proficiency and viability of the executives choices. Its retail locations should likewise develop and ought to have the option to furnish clients with better approaches for encountering broadness and profundity. In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more purchasers back to shopping in high lanes. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more purchasers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Reference Afuah, A., 2009. Vital advancement: new game techniques for upper hand. College of Michigan. NewYork: Routledge distributers Anon 2013. A system life-cycle: Blockbuster. [Viewed on 22nd May 2013] accessible from http://strategydynamics.com/data/blockbusters-strategy.aspx Anon, 2013. The passing of the high road or the introduction of another sort of retailer? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from enterprisenation.com/blog/the-demise of-the-high-road or-the-introduction of another sort of-retailer/ Janjua, A., 2012. Make it a blockbuster night. Blockbuster Carr, A., 2010. Blockbuster CEO, Jim Keyes, on rivalry from Apple, Netflix, Nintendo,â and Redbox. [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from fastcompany.com/1656502/a meet with-blockbuster-president jim-keyes-part-ii Clark, M., McKelvey, L., Robinson, B., Sampson-Rasberry, S., 2013. Blockbuster investigation. [Viewed on twentieth May 2013] accessible from http://laurenmckelvey.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/blockbuster-investigation/ Deloitte, 2011. The changing substance of retail. The store of things to come: the new job of the store in a multichannel situation. Deloitte LLP. Ferrell, O.C. what's more, Hartline, M., 2007. Showcasing methodology. fourth release. Cengageâ Learning distributers Fryman, 2010. Progressing plans of action: Are there anyâ businesses that effectively changed from blocks and cement to totally on the web? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from http://ask.metafilter.com/167587/Transitioning-plans of action Hawkes, S., 2011. Jane Norman is high road style casualty

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team Its a fresh battle every day to find the motivation to get through my to do list. But motivating your team is an entirely different challenge. Its not always as simple as cracking the whip or offering a cash bonus, either. Understanding how people respond to different types of motivation can help us be better leaders and increase the productivity of our teams. It can just take a little science to figure out what works best and which strategies to use to motivate your team. 1. Show Appreciation This first approach sounds simple, but it can make a big difference. In a survey of 2,000 working Americans, 81 percent said theyd work harder for an appreciative boss. 70 percent also said theyd feel better about themselves and their work if their boss showed appreciation more often. For a simple thanks, thats quite a good returnâ€"even if it only leads to a small increase in productivity, its worth the effort. According to Wharton professor Adam Grant, A sense of appreciation is the single most sustainable motivator at work. Grant says appreciation differs from motivators like cash bonuses or promotions, which we quickly adjust to, because the sense that other people appreciate what you do sticks with you. A review of over fifty studies from the London School of Economics in 2011 backs up the benefits of showing appreciation for your team. The review found people put in more effort at work when they feel appreciated. Another example of this effect at work comes from behavioral economist Dan Ariely, who conducted an experiment on motivation at an Intel factory in Israel. The study split employees into groups and told each group theyd receive a different reward for completing all their work each day. One group would receive a small cash bonus, another would receive a voucher for free pizza, and a third would receive a compliment from the boss. On the first day, the pizza group was most productive, with the compliment group a close second. The cash bonus group had a small bump in productivity compared to the control group (who received no bonus reward) but was far behind the pizza and compliment conditions. And on the second day of the study, the cash bonus group actually performed worse than those employees not receiving any reward. As the week finished up, productivity leveled out across all three conditions, but compliments ended up as the best option for boosting the workers performance. This study points out how little money can motivate us, and how, in fact, it can even harm our motivation. But another study showed that when we dont feel our work is appreciated, we tend to expect more money as compensation for the same work. So take some time to say thank you to your team members today. That quick act could save you money and increase productivity. Discover team productivity 2. Show Your Team the Fruits of Their Labor Research shows we like to see the outcome of our efforts. An example comes from a study that asked participants to build Lego models, paying a small sum per model that decreased for each one the participants completed. For some participants, the models were immediately disassembled by the researchers. For the rest, their models were kept under the table to be disassembled at the end of the experiment. The team whose work was kept until they were done completed an average of eleven Lego models before quitting, while those whose models were immediately disassembled only managed seven. Even though both groups of participants knew their work would ultimately be destroyed, seeing the fruits of their labor was enough to encourage participants to keep working for longer. A less tangible example comes from a study of a fundraising call center at the University of Michigan. Call center workers were visited by students who had benefited from the centers efforts, for a ten-minute chat. A month later researchers found that those workers whod been spoken to by students were spending 142 percent longer on the phone, and overall the centers income had increased by 171 percent. Even if your team isnt creating something tangible like Lego models, there are ways you can show them the outcomes theyre contributing to. Seeing how their efforts lead to a meaningful result could motivate your team to work harder. 3. Motivate Your Team by Putting Something at Stake We like to get new things, but we hate losing things even more. This principle is called loss aversion. Were so averse to loss that well go a long way to avoid it. Vassilis Dalakas, professor of marketing at California State University San Marcos tested how loss aversion could be used to increase his students motivation to study. He taught the same consumer behavior class twice, with the same material, and introduced optional pop quizzes throughout the class in both cases. The quizzes were worth one point if they were passed, and any student with five points at the end of the class could skip the final exam. The only difference between the two classes was the rule around the final exam. In the first class the exam was required, but students could earn the right to opt out by gaining five points from the quizzes. In the second class the exam was optional from the start but students could lose the right to opt out by not gaining five points. Guess which class passed more quizzes? In class one 43 percent of students earned five points by the end of the class. In class two it was 82 percentâ€"almost double. The reason is simply loss aversion. We hate to lose things that we feel belong to us. Its so upsetting that well work harder to maintain our ownership over those things rather than suffer the loss. The students in the second class believed they owned the right to skip the exam and didnt want to have it taken away, so they were more likely to study hard and pass the quizzes. The good news is even small losses work better as motivators than rewards. As we saw in the study above, it’s simply a matter of framing that changes how much we’re motivated to work hard. So you might offer your team the chance to earn an afternoon off by hitting their weekly goals. Or you could promise them an afternoon off every week unless they don’t hit their weekly goals. The outcome is the same, but the framing is different. It seems we care more about not losing something that’s already been promised to us than we do about earning something new. You can combine the various suggestions I’ve explored here to motivate your team. Show your team the fruits of their labor and remember to offer your appreciation for their work, but also try putting something at stake now and then. Each of these approaches has been shown to increase motivation, but together theyre sure to work even better. Teamwork made simple Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask

Social Networking And Its Effects On The Life Of The Youth

Maria Ruiz Ms.VanWagenen AP English Language and Composition 11 March, 2016 Period 7 Social Networking Vs. Social Skills Growing consternation exists among researchers on how social networking is affecting the life of the youth. Social media is the collectivity of online communications that allows users to create a profile, upload images, videos, and share memorable moments with friends and colleagues. Since this phenomenon was created, it has been a revolutionary medium that has affected every country and age group around the world. Although some may say that the changes it has caused are positive , Social Media has evolved to be one of the greatest factors of social isolation and lack of communication manners. Social Media and its Effects over Time Over the past decade, advances have reached all segments of the population across the globe. The 20th century was filled by youth staying connected through face-to-face interactions or through landline telephones (Hinduja Patchin, 2007). It was a world without being liked by the virtual thumbs up. People had their own thoughts, ideas and were genuine as they communicated or expressed anything. Nevertheless, growth in the internet access and software availability as well as advancement of cellphones combined with a population of youth who have grown up exposed to this technology, has resulted in social networks being replaced online (Hinduja Patchin, 2008) and through telecommunications. The youth use technology moreShow MoreRelatedShould Parents Enforce The Usage Of Social Networking From Youth? Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesShould parents enforce the usage of social networking from youth? For some youth and parents, the answer is clear - social networking does more harm than good. Not everyone thinks the same, however. For example, many people believe that allowing kids to utilize technology into kids’ or teens’ lives allows positive outcomes and new opportunities. Yet, what people have not realize is that some people are so busy on social networking that they do not comprehend the damage that it is doing to you children’sRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesHow does social networking affect teens? Social Networking is â€Å" the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other or to find people with similar interests†. Social networking consists of various social media websites such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, etc. These social media applications have become increasingly popular amongst teens. The web’s social network has grown to be one of the largest and most influential outlet on the internet. Social media have both a positiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Youth Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Social Media on the Youth of Today Studies have shown that the average person now spends more time each day on their phone and computer than they do sleeping according to Nick McGillivray (â€Å"What are the Effects of Social Media on Youth?). Social has become part of our social society, especially for the many youths. There are positives to being on social media and also equal amounts of danger that come with using social networking sites, including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etcRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1438 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved March 15 2013 lt;http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.htmlgt;. This is an article which talks about how the social networking system, although looks really great is in the same way has a negative effect in the society. False sense of communication is one of the many problems social networking faces. Social media sitesRead MoreSocial Networking Sites On Today s Society1245 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL NETWORKING SITE FACEBOOK ON TODAY S SOCIETY Introduction With the increased connection and speed of internet connection, users of social media have increased exponentially in the recent past. Social networking sites are virtual groups which permit individuals to join and interface with one another on a specific subject or to simply hang out together online (Murray Waller, 2007). A set of persons where there is individual -to -individual connectivity make up social networks. FacebookRead MoreEffects Of Modern Socialization Networks On Youth1260 Words   |  6 Pages EFFECTS OF MODERN SOCIALIZATION NETWORKS ON YOUTH SYED SAAD ALI Abstract The paper is a study of modern socializing sites effects on youth. Study revolves around the effects on youth of modern socializing in new era. Some recommend-aions are made on the bases on the findings of this study. Also, the study came out with some of the consequencesRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking On College Grades1069 Words   |  5 Pagesaddicted to social networking. The pros of social networking and the entertainment value is outweighed by the cons. Social networking is fun but it can be harmful and addictive. People have always needed to communicate. Texting, face time, social networking are new convenient ways to communicate. These new forms of communication are not perfect and can have bad effects on the user. 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Or, could you panthem writing a 6 page essay on the effects of global warming that, would grant you access to your myspace account? What if inorder to view a facebook-live video, You would need to drink a green smoothie? Many people would turn there nose down to any of the following requirements;theRead MoreSocial Networking Sites1614 Words   |  7 PagesSocial networking sites Online social networking site is a very common tool for communicating and socializing with each other. Nowadays, most of the adolescent like to use Facebook. There is a rapid growth of the number of user of social networking sites. According the recent research, Kreutz (2009) stated that â€Å"starting from 1997 to 2010 there are some 1.5 billion users of social networking websites† (p.222). This shows that how popular the social networking site is. Although many parents think

Burnout Mental Health Professionals - 834 Words

Blau, Tatum, and Goldberg (2013) indicated that burnout has been studied in various mental health workers, including; case managers, psychologist, psychotherapist, social workers, rehabilitation counselor, and intensive care workers. Due to the nature of the field and high involvement with the others, mental health workers are likely to experience burnout (Sangganjanavanich Balkin, 2010). Multiple job duties can cause unnecessary stress within the work environment when daily task is not managed properly among mental health professionals. In a survey completed by the American Counseling Association (ACA) 75.7% of mental health professionals that colleagues coping with burnout are significant threat to the profession of counseling (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim, Lee, 2011). Of those professional, 63.5% indicated that they are aware of colleagues who cope with burnout (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim Lee, 2011). Craig and Sprang (2010) indicate that mental health professionals that provide therapy services are faced with daily life adversities that other professionals do not have to encounter. Moreover, other professionals only witness these adversities through television and film (Craig Sprang, 2010). Burnout has been studied in marriage and family therapist, professional counselors, and school counselor (Lee, Choi, Kissinger, and Ogle; Thomas, Kholi, and Choi; Wilkerson, 2009). In addition, research indicates a significant interaction with burnout andShow MoreRelatedHow Cultural Beliefs Affect Our Lives1237 Words   |  5 Pagespresentation, we will be looking at the ways independence, close knit social connections, and their religious worldviews can affect the likelihood that a person from Appalachia may seek help from a mental health professional and how these aspects affect Appalachians views on stigma related to mental health. 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When it came to working with children with anRead MoreHealth Bridge Hospital : A Child Based Hospital Essay1961 Words   |  8 PagesEstablished in 1998, Health Bridge Hospital is an acute specialized institution and is licensed to provide sub-acute and acute special pediatric care. Health bridge hospital is a child based hospital that aids in providing pediatric special acute care for children. The hospital also serves as a higher bridge between homes for families and the hospital because of the serious complex issues that arise medically. Premature birth, chronic disease, serious injuries, major surgeries and life threateningRead MoreSelf-Supervision and Plan Essay3182 Words   |  13 PagesClinical mental health counselors diagnose, treat, and test psychological disorders as well as support and teach clients skills needed for positive behavior changes. According to the 2012 American Mental Health Counselors Association’s (AMHCA) code of ethics â€Å"Mental health counselors believe in the dignity and worth of the individual. They are committed to increasing knowledge of human behavior and understanding of themselves and others. They use their skills only for purposes consistent with theseRead MoreWestern Nursing Theories2478 Words   |  10 Pagesthe physicians/psychiatrists biomedical theory to mental illness. This writer suggests that today in response to the changing world that nurse theories will revolutionize treatment of the mental health consumer. 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Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library Free Essays

Peter Drucker defined the marketing concepts as â€Å"the business as seen from the customer? s point of view. † Keating Hafner [68] initiated that business models can be applied to libraries; they draw analogies from business by substituting â€Å"library† for â€Å"corporation and â€Å"user† for â€Å"customer†. The e-Business domain is being employed extensively in government, library, and non-profit diverse organizations lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library or any similar topic only for you Order Now Constantinides (2002) [69] proposed the Web-Marketing Mix (WMM) model to identify the online marketing critical elements and addresses the E-Commerce strategic, operational, organizational and technical issues by: Scope, Site, Synergy and System (4S). The scope identifies the strategic and operational objectives to be addressed. The site proposes a method for drafting realistic and consistent Web marketing plans in order to develop the functional platform of communication, interaction, and transaction with the web customers. The synergy refers to the necessary organization, infrastructure, human resource and knowledge for supporting smooth online operational processes. The system identifies main technological and administrative issues that will underpin online marketing activities. To illustrate how to implement the 4S into conceptual framework, each of them will be explained further. The â€Å"Scope† is acted as a strategic direction for managers to ensure the whole staff follows the organizational predefined goals and objectives. In order to measure an organization’s internal processes, then to identify, understand, and adapt external practices for continuous improvement from other organizations, there is a desire to establish benchmarking across institutions [70]. For administering reader profiles and sustaining activities, a segmentation of readers is helpful to reach the goal setting and position the strategic role of library during the service process. The â€Å"Site† transforms a web required to evaluate how well the website? s presentation has complied with the presetting functional requirements. Library website (Libweb) is the virtual front doors to collections and services [71], and as a powerful International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. How to cite Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library, Essay examples

Business and Corporate Law Legal Exchange of Business

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporate Law for Legal Exchange of Business. Answer: 1. (A) Issue Under this case, there is an issue related to the consideration, weather it present or not in the agreement. Under this situation, lotus super 7 sports car is offer by Jane to Jack, because Jane is going to overseas. The market value of car is $25000. But there is no information related to price, at which car is offered to Jack. Jack accepts this offer without any information about the consideration. Rule: Consideration is a term, in which price is asked by the party in the exchange for promise. Consideration is an essential element to form a legal contract. In every agreement, consideration can be anything of value, under which each party legally exchanges something, if the contract is valid. If one party offers something without consideration than contract is not legally enforceable (ACL, 2016). In every contract, consideration must be sufficient by not necessary to adequate. Application: In the case Beaton v McDivitt (1987) 13 NSWLR 162, McDivitt owned a land and he gave some part of land to Beaton, where he can live and work. In the given case, there is an argument that promise of McDivitt shall be enforced. According to the Australian contract law, government held this contract void, because Beaton did not make any action, which can be consider as his consideration in the exchange for the promise of McDivitts promise (Unistudy Guides, 2016). Under the Australian contact law, it follows the principal of Quid pro quo, which states for this for that that means some value is necessary to make any agreement legally enforceable that can be monetary or non monetary. In the present case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack without any information of price. Market value of this car is around $ 25000. Jack accepts this offer without any delay. For legally binding in any contract, consideration is necessary (Inc, 2013). Conclusion: On the basis of the above principals of consideration, the agreement between the Jane and Jack is void. Without any consideration an agreement, Jack cannot enforce this contract in the court of law. (B) Issue: In this case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $ 25000. This case is also related examination of presence of consideration between Jane and Jack. Under this case, Jack accepts the offer. The market value of this car is same $ 25000. Rule: If any person wants promise to enforce, there must be something given in the exchange of the promise. Consideration can move from the promissee to the promisor. Past consideration, which exists in the agreement, is not a contract according to the Australian contract act. In any legally binding agreement consideration must be sufficient but not adequate (Contract law, 2016). Application: As per rules in above discussion, consideration is the relevant factor to make a legal agreement. For example, John backed into Allens car and damaging it. John is liable to pay for damages, but he doesnt have money right now to pay Allen. While Allen can sue John for damages to his car, John enter in an agreement to give him full payment $1500 in 90 days with the addition compensatory amount $250. This agreement states that Allen will not sue John before the maturity period, but he is free to sue after the maturity period (Legal dictionary, 2016). In this situation, consideration is provided by both the parties. So, this agreement is valid in the eyes of law. In the present case, there is proper consideration between both Jane and Jack. Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $ 25000 and Jack accepts this offer. so there is valid legal agreement between both parties (Australian government, 2016). Conclusion: As per the above principals and rules of consideration, Contract between the Jane and Jack is valid, because there is proper consideration and acceptance in the agreement, where one party offer something and other accept the proposal with a value. So in the given case, Jack can enforce the contract as per the Australian contract law. (C) Issue: In the given case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $2500. Under the given case it has to be finding out, whether consideration is present or not in the given case. Jack accepts this offer with the given information. Rule: In every agreement, consideration must be sufficient doesnt mean adequacy of consideration. According to the Australian contract act, consideration is not necessary to be always in monetary terms, it can be in non monetary factor such as love and affection. For agreement to be valid, it must have some value. In other words, one party must give benefit to other party or detriment under the contract (e-lawresources, 2016). Consideration must not be in the past because past consideration agreement is void in the eyes of law. If A promises B, to sell his house worth $ 50000 for $5 than this would be an inadequate consideration. Inadequate consideration is not void. Application: In the case Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851, 114 ER 330, John Thomas, orally expresses his desire to his wife before dying, to have the house as a residence. After the death, executors of defunct resources allowed his widow to live one of his houses as long as she remains widow (US legal, 2016). Widow of the deceased paying $1 annually as a rent and keep the house tenantable repair. There is an issue accrue that appellant refused to complete the conveyance, because the lacking of consideration. Under this case, Australian court held that agreement between the executors and Ms Thomas is valid, because consideration must have some value in the eyes of law no need to be adequate (Case brief, 2016). In the present case, Jane offers her sports car to Jack in $2500 that is valid contract, because there is a consideration which has benefited to each party. Conclusion: As discussed in above paragraphs, Australian court concluded the case that agreement between the Jane and Jack is valid agreement. There must be consideration exist in any agreement in the eyes of law that is not necessary it must be adequate (Liu and McKendrick, 2015). So, the consideration exists between Jane and Jack. 2. ISSUE: A Shipbuilder enters into a contract with North Ocean Tankers to build tankers. The contract is in US dollars and does not contain any provision for currency fluctuations. But during midway of the construction of ship, the currency devaluated by 10 percent and shipbuilder demanded extra US$3 million, otherwise it will not carry out further work of construction of ship. The North Ocean tanker reluctantly agrees to pay the amount, because it has already hired a charter and also had to deliver the tanker on time (Gibson and Fraser, 2013). Furthermore, in this case the issue is that whether buyer will succeed in recovering the amount after 9 months of completion of contract or not. Rules: The above case comes under the law of duress. As per, Australian Contract law, Duress is defined as a contract law, where a person enters into a contact because of some threat or illegitimate pressure. In previous days, the court has only recognized the threat of physical violence but in present times, it has also recognized in various contracts, which gives rise to a valid claim. Duress exercises at common law. The basis of duress is that it contains a vitiating factor which includes absence of free consent (Latimer, 2012). Pressure which is not included in duress, gives rise to an action that includes under undue influence in equity. The contract is said to be voidable under duress an under influence contract law. The plaintiff may cancel the contract or may claim for damages. Duress to person: When a person enters into a contract because of threat of physical violence, it is considered as duress to person (Twomey, et al., 2016). In this case, the contract is set aside by the court providing that threat was the reason of entering into the contract. Duress to goods: It includes threat to damage property. Duress to goods also includes detaining of property by one party wrongfully. Economic duress: Economic duress is another important type of duress in contract law, which is most commonly found in commercial contract disputes. It occurs, when one party to contract made unfair economic pressure on other party to follow the terms of the contract. Economic duress includes existence of continuous contract between plaintiff and defendant. There is also of free consent of party. Furthermore, it also included damages to financial interest of someone or threats which are illegitimate. The main factor to be considered in economic duress is that whether plaintiff had adequate or practical alternative or not (Erbacher, 2012). The practical or reasonable alternative means that it must be adequate for the claimant/ plaintiff purpose in that running/ given situation. For example, In a particular situation, if the plaintiff had acquired goods and services at reasonable price from another alternative easily, then court considers it as reasonable alternative and it does not comes under economic duress, as it is not done under illegitimate pressure of someone. Elements of economic duress: Examples of elements of economic duress include Illegitimacy of pressure or wrongful threat on the plaintiff, non- availability of reasonable alternative to plaintiff, and the threat which forces or induces the plaintiff to enter into the contract. There are various factors, which are to be considered by the court before providing claim to the plaintiff, which includes unavailability of reasonable claim to the plaintiff. In addition to this, it is also considered by the court that whether plaintiff had protested at the time of signing of contract and also whether the duress is the main reason behind agreeing to the conditions of defendant. Furthermore, it is also considered that whether defendant act was in bad faith or not (Sweet and Scheneier, 2012). If the above conditions are present in a particular contract, then it successfully proves to be the case of economic duress and court gives the right to plaintiff to recover the money which is paid by him under illegitimate pressure. Application: North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] In this case, defendant agrees to build a ship for the claimants for a certain price. The price of contract is in US dollars. After the formation of contract by both the parties, the value of US dollars goes down by 10%. The condition was made by the defendant that the claimant has to pay the additional 10% amount on the contractual price to carry out the further construction work of ship. The plaintiff agrees to pay the extra amount to defendant without any protest as they already hired charter to carry out the work. After 8 months of the delivery of the ship, claimant brings an action to recover the amount which was paid by him (Turner, 2014). The decision was held by the court of appeal that contract was voidable for duress and claimant has no right to recover the amount because claimant takes too long to bring their application for claim. In the given case, the buyer is commercially compelled to pay US$3 million. Even though the contract between them does not contains any such pr ovision, so the there was legal ground on which demand was made. This case contains economic duress as ship builder is causing financial distress to the buyer. Conclusion: The plaintiff (North Ocean Tanker) under the given case has no right to recover the excess amount because it took too long time (9months) to bring claim in the court of law. So it lost legal rights to recover the excess amount which was paid by them. Because as per above case North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction Ltd, the judgment was made by the court of appeal that claimant has lost his right to claim the excess amount (Kang, et al., 2016). 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