Various organizational police functions (local, state, federal) Essay

Different hierarchical police capacities (nearby, state, government) - Essay Example Neighborhood cops: secure violators; safeguard harmony; forestall wrongdoing; implement the law; ensure human life and property; and serve the general population (Johnson and Cox III, 2004). As indicated by Shane (2010), the capacities above contrast from each other progressively [roles and powers are doled out to these levels hierarchically]. Government police organizations implement specific kinds of administrative laws, state officials uphold state laws, and neighborhood cops work at the province level. In regard to the previous, a government specialist has purview over the whole nation, while a neighborhood police operator has his locale restricted to his town, city or province. A state police operator has purview over a whole state. There is no better answer for the way the current law implementation framework works at each level in light of the fact that the various leveled plan of the security frameworks takes into account precise circulation of jobs and obligations, and in this way extirpating disarray and superimposition of jobs. In like manner, with this current framework, peace can be adequately and effectively released, since there is stream of order. For example, government offices, for example, the FBI can without much of a stretch catch a criminal by following up on reports from state

Strategic Thinking And Change Management The WritePass Journal

Key Thinking And Change Management Conceptual Key Thinking And Change Management ). Danger of substitutes With extraordinary rivalry in the Market, there is a potential danger of substitute items. Truth be told, as Netflix and Blockbuster fight it out, others are making progress in substitute contributions as observed with Video-on-request which has developed at twofold digit rates in the previous two years. Bartering intensity of providers Providers are probably going to have less buy power particularly given the procurement of Movielink. On the off chance that this securing prompts increasingly online downloads, the organization will have little requirement for plastic cases and DVDs and in that capacity, the dealing intensity of providers is probably going to diminish (Janjua 2012). Force of serious contention The contention in the market is unquestionably high. As of now, Blockbuster has lost a large number of its clients to Netflix. The organization must rethink and actualize methodologies that would influence back clients. How Blockbuster can realign itself to the requirements of the outer condition The corporate technique would require the organization to benefit from imaginative new advances to give it vital forward leaps in the serious business condition, while not dismissing its in-store activities (Fryman 2010). All things considered, a tick and block system would be progressively reasonable for the organization. Blockbuster must realigns its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. In realigning their business forms with IT, the organization must access the vital arrangement model as far as reason, activities, venture initiative, foundation and objectives that will make a change in outlook (Carr 2010). The realignment procedure must empower the organization to grasp online open doors which Netflix and Redbox have just culminated. Realigning business process with IT (Kalakota 2011) While Blockbuster appears to have just installed IT into their center plan of action as observed with the complete access program which improves online clients experience, this has not helped much as the organization has lost the vast majority of its clients to online retailers, for example, Netflix and Lovefilm .The disappointment by the organization to rapidly adjust to the changing industry condition and customer propensities is recommended to have been the principle issue. The organization took long to change its plan of action and when it did, the serious scene had been in a general sense modified and the convention model obliterated by the new stage model (Carr 2010). The organization needs to direct an enormous advertising effort which should concentrate on developing their online rental supporter base. The organization could likewise shape a union with mobile phone organizations and masterminding with these organizations to permit clients to stream motion pictures on their phone phones.â This would be a good thought thinking about that individuals have their PDAs constantly. With bigger wireless screens, clients would have the option to stream motion pictures from anyplace remembering for the trams, transport stations and even at work environments. Survey could be per membership or pay-per-see (Clark et al. 2013). Another vital move is cooperate with carrier organizations so as to execute a blue box program at air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonalds (Jordan 2011). The blue box program would empower explorers to get a film at one air terminal and to return it to another air terminal or blockbuster store. Further, the organization should concentrate on reinforcing client relationship the executives by actualizing a business system that keeps up significant incentive over the entirety of its client groupings and presenting new client recommendation activities that would give them an edge over their rivals (Afuah 2009). Moreover, Blockbuster needs to actualize an ERP framework that will empower it to follow their inventories. The framework can be actualized steadily starting with one locale then onto the next. This will decrease the time and duplications that the organization as of now has, along these lines expanding effectiveness. As of now, for clients to look at their motion pictures from various blockbusters, they are required to enroll with each store individually.â Given that the ERP framework incorporates information and takes into consideration sharing of data over numerous offices, this may profit the organization through speedier handling of requests and quicker shipments. . While perceiving the need to realign business process with IT, the organization ought not to dismiss its in-store activities. Clients of today have become savvier and are progressively assuming responsibility for their own shopping experience (Deloitte 2011). Retail locations should similarly advance to turn out to be a piece of the unpredictable connection between the retailer and client by giving better approaches for encountering expansiveness and profundity of range (Deloitte 2011). In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more purchasers back to shopping in high boulevards. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more buyers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Scrutinize of contemporary vital administration research and practice Be that as it may, while vital reasoning and change the board has a more noteworthy task to carry out in reviving high road retail locations, such practices are not generally effective. For instance, while the ERP framework may build the proficiency and adequacy of the executives choices, disappointment of such frameworks may antagonistically affect on the association bringing about cost overwhelms and gracefully chain issues (Morgan Smith 2002). Also, a methodology definition that positions a firm in a specialty may limit the firm’s point of view (Mintzberg et al., 1995). That is, such a procedure may disregard opportunity on the off chance that they are just focusing on a specific gathering of market. Another analysis is that vital arranging frameworks are structured as top-down arranging frameworks and as such key choices are just consigned to top administration (Morgan Smith 2002). This infers the arranging frameworks serve to satisfy just the objectives and interests of the top administration and not that of the association. Key administration depends on sound dynamic. But since more often than not we have inadequate data, completely levelheaded choices may not be conceivable and change procedure may bring about unfavorable impacts (Jofre 2011). Thus while change the board might be proposed at expanding the organizations versatility, structures created to advance sanity may have inverse impact (Jofre 2011). In any case, plainly high road retailers need to realign their business procedures to satisfy needs of the changing industry condition. End There is no uncertainty that the previous barely any years have considered a to be as significant high road chains, for example, Blockbusters, Jessops, JJB game, and Comet among numerous others go into organization. The breakdown of notable retailers into receivership is an away from of a declining fortune of Britains high avenues. Every one of these retailers which have gone into organization do share certain shared traits. They all will in general have countless stores and have all experienced issues adjusting to the changing industry condition and retail propensities. For these retailers to keep on flourishing in the business, they should reevaluate and realign themselves to the necessities of the outer condition. For instance, Blockbuster needs to realign its business forms with IT and use it in support of them. The organization ought to embrace a tick and block technique. That is, the organization must grasp online open doors without dismissing its in-store activities. The organization could likewise frame collusions with wireless organizations to permit clients to stream films on their mobile phones. The organization should join forces with aircrafts and execute a blue box programs at the air terminals, for example, the Redboxes at McDonald. The organization may likewise actualize ERP frameworks to build their proficiency and viability of the executives choices. Its retail locations should likewise develop and ought to have the option to furnish clients with better approaches for encountering broadness and profundity. In-store theater and a touch and feel understanding around the item thing ought to have the option to influence more purchasers back to shopping in high lanes. Arrangement of customized benefits and guided shopping experience ought to similarly urge more purchasers to return for rental administrations from the stores. Reference Afuah, A., 2009. Vital advancement: new game techniques for upper hand. College of Michigan. NewYork: Routledge distributers Anon 2013. A system life-cycle: Blockbuster. [Viewed on 22nd May 2013] accessible from http://strategydynamics.com/data/blockbusters-strategy.aspx Anon, 2013. The passing of the high road or the introduction of another sort of retailer? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from enterprisenation.com/blog/the-demise of-the-high-road or-the-introduction of another sort of-retailer/ Janjua, A., 2012. Make it a blockbuster night. Blockbuster Carr, A., 2010. Blockbuster CEO, Jim Keyes, on rivalry from Apple, Netflix, Nintendo,â and Redbox. [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from fastcompany.com/1656502/a meet with-blockbuster-president jim-keyes-part-ii Clark, M., McKelvey, L., Robinson, B., Sampson-Rasberry, S., 2013. Blockbuster investigation. [Viewed on twentieth May 2013] accessible from http://laurenmckelvey.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/blockbuster-investigation/ Deloitte, 2011. The changing substance of retail. The store of things to come: the new job of the store in a multichannel situation. Deloitte LLP. Ferrell, O.C. what's more, Hartline, M., 2007. Showcasing methodology. fourth release. Cengageâ Learning distributers Fryman, 2010. Progressing plans of action: Are there anyâ businesses that effectively changed from blocks and cement to totally on the web? [Viewed on nineteenth May 2013] accessible from http://ask.metafilter.com/167587/Transitioning-plans of action Hawkes, S., 2011. Jane Norman is high road style casualty

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team

3 Proven Strategies to Motivate Your Team Its a fresh battle every day to find the motivation to get through my to do list. But motivating your team is an entirely different challenge. Its not always as simple as cracking the whip or offering a cash bonus, either. Understanding how people respond to different types of motivation can help us be better leaders and increase the productivity of our teams. It can just take a little science to figure out what works best and which strategies to use to motivate your team. 1. Show Appreciation This first approach sounds simple, but it can make a big difference. In a survey of 2,000 working Americans, 81 percent said theyd work harder for an appreciative boss. 70 percent also said theyd feel better about themselves and their work if their boss showed appreciation more often. For a simple thanks, thats quite a good returnâ€"even if it only leads to a small increase in productivity, its worth the effort. According to Wharton professor Adam Grant, A sense of appreciation is the single most sustainable motivator at work. Grant says appreciation differs from motivators like cash bonuses or promotions, which we quickly adjust to, because the sense that other people appreciate what you do sticks with you. A review of over fifty studies from the London School of Economics in 2011 backs up the benefits of showing appreciation for your team. The review found people put in more effort at work when they feel appreciated. Another example of this effect at work comes from behavioral economist Dan Ariely, who conducted an experiment on motivation at an Intel factory in Israel. The study split employees into groups and told each group theyd receive a different reward for completing all their work each day. One group would receive a small cash bonus, another would receive a voucher for free pizza, and a third would receive a compliment from the boss. On the first day, the pizza group was most productive, with the compliment group a close second. The cash bonus group had a small bump in productivity compared to the control group (who received no bonus reward) but was far behind the pizza and compliment conditions. And on the second day of the study, the cash bonus group actually performed worse than those employees not receiving any reward. As the week finished up, productivity leveled out across all three conditions, but compliments ended up as the best option for boosting the workers performance. This study points out how little money can motivate us, and how, in fact, it can even harm our motivation. But another study showed that when we dont feel our work is appreciated, we tend to expect more money as compensation for the same work. So take some time to say thank you to your team members today. That quick act could save you money and increase productivity. Discover team productivity 2. Show Your Team the Fruits of Their Labor Research shows we like to see the outcome of our efforts. An example comes from a study that asked participants to build Lego models, paying a small sum per model that decreased for each one the participants completed. For some participants, the models were immediately disassembled by the researchers. For the rest, their models were kept under the table to be disassembled at the end of the experiment. The team whose work was kept until they were done completed an average of eleven Lego models before quitting, while those whose models were immediately disassembled only managed seven. Even though both groups of participants knew their work would ultimately be destroyed, seeing the fruits of their labor was enough to encourage participants to keep working for longer. A less tangible example comes from a study of a fundraising call center at the University of Michigan. Call center workers were visited by students who had benefited from the centers efforts, for a ten-minute chat. A month later researchers found that those workers whod been spoken to by students were spending 142 percent longer on the phone, and overall the centers income had increased by 171 percent. Even if your team isnt creating something tangible like Lego models, there are ways you can show them the outcomes theyre contributing to. Seeing how their efforts lead to a meaningful result could motivate your team to work harder. 3. Motivate Your Team by Putting Something at Stake We like to get new things, but we hate losing things even more. This principle is called loss aversion. Were so averse to loss that well go a long way to avoid it. Vassilis Dalakas, professor of marketing at California State University San Marcos tested how loss aversion could be used to increase his students motivation to study. He taught the same consumer behavior class twice, with the same material, and introduced optional pop quizzes throughout the class in both cases. The quizzes were worth one point if they were passed, and any student with five points at the end of the class could skip the final exam. The only difference between the two classes was the rule around the final exam. In the first class the exam was required, but students could earn the right to opt out by gaining five points from the quizzes. In the second class the exam was optional from the start but students could lose the right to opt out by not gaining five points. Guess which class passed more quizzes? In class one 43 percent of students earned five points by the end of the class. In class two it was 82 percentâ€"almost double. The reason is simply loss aversion. We hate to lose things that we feel belong to us. Its so upsetting that well work harder to maintain our ownership over those things rather than suffer the loss. The students in the second class believed they owned the right to skip the exam and didnt want to have it taken away, so they were more likely to study hard and pass the quizzes. The good news is even small losses work better as motivators than rewards. As we saw in the study above, it’s simply a matter of framing that changes how much we’re motivated to work hard. So you might offer your team the chance to earn an afternoon off by hitting their weekly goals. Or you could promise them an afternoon off every week unless they don’t hit their weekly goals. The outcome is the same, but the framing is different. It seems we care more about not losing something that’s already been promised to us than we do about earning something new. You can combine the various suggestions I’ve explored here to motivate your team. Show your team the fruits of their labor and remember to offer your appreciation for their work, but also try putting something at stake now and then. Each of these approaches has been shown to increase motivation, but together theyre sure to work even better. Teamwork made simple Discover MeisterTask Discover MeisterTask

Social Networking And Its Effects On The Life Of The Youth

Maria Ruiz Ms.VanWagenen AP English Language and Composition 11 March, 2016 Period 7 Social Networking Vs. Social Skills Growing consternation exists among researchers on how social networking is affecting the life of the youth. Social media is the collectivity of online communications that allows users to create a profile, upload images, videos, and share memorable moments with friends and colleagues. Since this phenomenon was created, it has been a revolutionary medium that has affected every country and age group around the world. Although some may say that the changes it has caused are positive , Social Media has evolved to be one of the greatest factors of social isolation and lack of communication manners. Social Media and its Effects over Time Over the past decade, advances have reached all segments of the population across the globe. The 20th century was filled by youth staying connected through face-to-face interactions or through landline telephones (Hinduja Patchin, 2007). It was a world without being liked by the virtual thumbs up. People had their own thoughts, ideas and were genuine as they communicated or expressed anything. Nevertheless, growth in the internet access and software availability as well as advancement of cellphones combined with a population of youth who have grown up exposed to this technology, has resulted in social networks being replaced online (Hinduja Patchin, 2008) and through telecommunications. The youth use technology moreShow MoreRelatedShould Parents Enforce The Usage Of Social Networking From Youth? Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesShould parents enforce the usage of social networking from youth? For some youth and parents, the answer is clear - social networking does more harm than good. Not everyone thinks the same, however. For example, many people believe that allowing kids to utilize technology into kids’ or teens’ lives allows positive outcomes and new opportunities. Yet, what people have not realize is that some people are so busy on social networking that they do not comprehend the damage that it is doing to you children’sRead MoreEffects Of Social Media Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesHow does social networking affect teens? Social Networking is â€Å" the use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other or to find people with similar interests†. Social networking consists of various social media websites such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, etc. These social media applications have become increasingly popular amongst teens. The web’s social network has grown to be one of the largest and most influential outlet on the internet. Social media have both a positiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Youth Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Social Media on the Youth of Today Studies have shown that the average person now spends more time each day on their phone and computer than they do sleeping according to Nick McGillivray (â€Å"What are the Effects of Social Media on Youth?). Social has become part of our social society, especially for the many youths. There are positives to being on social media and also equal amounts of danger that come with using social networking sites, including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, etcRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography1438 Words   |  6 PagesNegative Effect of Social Media on Society and Individuals | Chron.com. Small Business - Chron.com. Retrieved March 15 2013 lt;http://smallbusiness.chron.com/negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.htmlgt;. This is an article which talks about how the social networking system, although looks really great is in the same way has a negative effect in the society. False sense of communication is one of the many problems social networking faces. Social media sitesRead MoreSocial Networking Sites On Today s Society1245 Words   |  5 PagesSOCIAL NETWORKING SITE FACEBOOK ON TODAY S SOCIETY Introduction With the increased connection and speed of internet connection, users of social media have increased exponentially in the recent past. Social networking sites are virtual groups which permit individuals to join and interface with one another on a specific subject or to simply hang out together online (Murray Waller, 2007). A set of persons where there is individual -to -individual connectivity make up social networks. FacebookRead MoreEffects Of Modern Socialization Networks On Youth1260 Words   |  6 Pages EFFECTS OF MODERN SOCIALIZATION NETWORKS ON YOUTH SYED SAAD ALI Abstract The paper is a study of modern socializing sites effects on youth. Study revolves around the effects on youth of modern socializing in new era. Some recommend-aions are made on the bases on the findings of this study. Also, the study came out with some of the consequencesRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking On College Grades1069 Words   |  5 Pagesaddicted to social networking. The pros of social networking and the entertainment value is outweighed by the cons. Social networking is fun but it can be harmful and addictive. People have always needed to communicate. Texting, face time, social networking are new convenient ways to communicate. These new forms of communication are not perfect and can have bad effects on the user. 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Or, could you panthem writing a 6 page essay on the effects of global warming that, would grant you access to your myspace account? What if inorder to view a facebook-live video, You would need to drink a green smoothie? Many people would turn there nose down to any of the following requirements;theRead MoreSocial Networking Sites1614 Words   |  7 PagesSocial networking sites Online social networking site is a very common tool for communicating and socializing with each other. Nowadays, most of the adolescent like to use Facebook. There is a rapid growth of the number of user of social networking sites. According the recent research, Kreutz (2009) stated that â€Å"starting from 1997 to 2010 there are some 1.5 billion users of social networking websites† (p.222). This shows that how popular the social networking site is. Although many parents think

Burnout Mental Health Professionals - 834 Words

Blau, Tatum, and Goldberg (2013) indicated that burnout has been studied in various mental health workers, including; case managers, psychologist, psychotherapist, social workers, rehabilitation counselor, and intensive care workers. Due to the nature of the field and high involvement with the others, mental health workers are likely to experience burnout (Sangganjanavanich Balkin, 2010). Multiple job duties can cause unnecessary stress within the work environment when daily task is not managed properly among mental health professionals. In a survey completed by the American Counseling Association (ACA) 75.7% of mental health professionals that colleagues coping with burnout are significant threat to the profession of counseling (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim, Lee, 2011). Of those professional, 63.5% indicated that they are aware of colleagues who cope with burnout (Puig, Baggs, Mixon, Park, Kim Lee, 2011). Craig and Sprang (2010) indicate that mental health professionals that provide therapy services are faced with daily life adversities that other professionals do not have to encounter. Moreover, other professionals only witness these adversities through television and film (Craig Sprang, 2010). Burnout has been studied in marriage and family therapist, professional counselors, and school counselor (Lee, Choi, Kissinger, and Ogle; Thomas, Kholi, and Choi; Wilkerson, 2009). In addition, research indicates a significant interaction with burnout andShow MoreRelatedHow Cultural Beliefs Affect Our Lives1237 Words   |  5 Pagespresentation, we will be looking at the ways independence, close knit social connections, and their religious worldviews can affect the likelihood that a person from Appalachia may seek help from a mental health professional and how these aspects affect Appalachians views on stigma related to mental health. 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When it came to working with children with anRead MoreHealth Bridge Hospital : A Child Based Hospital Essay1961 Words   |  8 PagesEstablished in 1998, Health Bridge Hospital is an acute specialized institution and is licensed to provide sub-acute and acute special pediatric care. Health bridge hospital is a child based hospital that aids in providing pediatric special acute care for children. The hospital also serves as a higher bridge between homes for families and the hospital because of the serious complex issues that arise medically. Premature birth, chronic disease, serious injuries, major surgeries and life threateningRead MoreSelf-Supervision and Plan Essay3182 Words   |  13 PagesClinical mental health counselors diagnose, treat, and test psychological disorders as well as support and teach clients skills needed for positive behavior changes. According to the 2012 American Mental Health Counselors Association’s (AMHCA) code of ethics â€Å"Mental health counselors believe in the dignity and worth of the individual. They are committed to increasing knowledge of human behavior and understanding of themselves and others. They use their skills only for purposes consistent with theseRead MoreWestern Nursing Theories2478 Words   |  10 Pagesthe physicians/psychiatrists biomedical theory to mental illness. This writer suggests that today in response to the changing world that nurse theories will revolutionize treatment of the mental health consumer. 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Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library Free Essays

Peter Drucker defined the marketing concepts as â€Å"the business as seen from the customer? s point of view. † Keating Hafner [68] initiated that business models can be applied to libraries; they draw analogies from business by substituting â€Å"library† for â€Å"corporation and â€Å"user† for â€Å"customer†. The e-Business domain is being employed extensively in government, library, and non-profit diverse organizations lately. We will write a custom essay sample on Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library or any similar topic only for you Order Now Constantinides (2002) [69] proposed the Web-Marketing Mix (WMM) model to identify the online marketing critical elements and addresses the E-Commerce strategic, operational, organizational and technical issues by: Scope, Site, Synergy and System (4S). The scope identifies the strategic and operational objectives to be addressed. The site proposes a method for drafting realistic and consistent Web marketing plans in order to develop the functional platform of communication, interaction, and transaction with the web customers. The synergy refers to the necessary organization, infrastructure, human resource and knowledge for supporting smooth online operational processes. The system identifies main technological and administrative issues that will underpin online marketing activities. To illustrate how to implement the 4S into conceptual framework, each of them will be explained further. The â€Å"Scope† is acted as a strategic direction for managers to ensure the whole staff follows the organizational predefined goals and objectives. In order to measure an organization’s internal processes, then to identify, understand, and adapt external practices for continuous improvement from other organizations, there is a desire to establish benchmarking across institutions [70]. For administering reader profiles and sustaining activities, a segmentation of readers is helpful to reach the goal setting and position the strategic role of library during the service process. The â€Å"Site† transforms a web required to evaluate how well the website? s presentation has complied with the presetting functional requirements. Library website (Libweb) is the virtual front doors to collections and services [71], and as a powerful International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology. How to cite Conceptual Framework of 4`S Library, Essay examples

Business and Corporate Law Legal Exchange of Business

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporate Law for Legal Exchange of Business. Answer: 1. (A) Issue Under this case, there is an issue related to the consideration, weather it present or not in the agreement. Under this situation, lotus super 7 sports car is offer by Jane to Jack, because Jane is going to overseas. The market value of car is $25000. But there is no information related to price, at which car is offered to Jack. Jack accepts this offer without any information about the consideration. Rule: Consideration is a term, in which price is asked by the party in the exchange for promise. Consideration is an essential element to form a legal contract. In every agreement, consideration can be anything of value, under which each party legally exchanges something, if the contract is valid. If one party offers something without consideration than contract is not legally enforceable (ACL, 2016). In every contract, consideration must be sufficient by not necessary to adequate. Application: In the case Beaton v McDivitt (1987) 13 NSWLR 162, McDivitt owned a land and he gave some part of land to Beaton, where he can live and work. In the given case, there is an argument that promise of McDivitt shall be enforced. According to the Australian contract law, government held this contract void, because Beaton did not make any action, which can be consider as his consideration in the exchange for the promise of McDivitts promise (Unistudy Guides, 2016). Under the Australian contact law, it follows the principal of Quid pro quo, which states for this for that that means some value is necessary to make any agreement legally enforceable that can be monetary or non monetary. In the present case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack without any information of price. Market value of this car is around $ 25000. Jack accepts this offer without any delay. For legally binding in any contract, consideration is necessary (Inc, 2013). Conclusion: On the basis of the above principals of consideration, the agreement between the Jane and Jack is void. Without any consideration an agreement, Jack cannot enforce this contract in the court of law. (B) Issue: In this case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $ 25000. This case is also related examination of presence of consideration between Jane and Jack. Under this case, Jack accepts the offer. The market value of this car is same $ 25000. Rule: If any person wants promise to enforce, there must be something given in the exchange of the promise. Consideration can move from the promissee to the promisor. Past consideration, which exists in the agreement, is not a contract according to the Australian contract act. In any legally binding agreement consideration must be sufficient but not adequate (Contract law, 2016). Application: As per rules in above discussion, consideration is the relevant factor to make a legal agreement. For example, John backed into Allens car and damaging it. John is liable to pay for damages, but he doesnt have money right now to pay Allen. While Allen can sue John for damages to his car, John enter in an agreement to give him full payment $1500 in 90 days with the addition compensatory amount $250. This agreement states that Allen will not sue John before the maturity period, but he is free to sue after the maturity period (Legal dictionary, 2016). In this situation, consideration is provided by both the parties. So, this agreement is valid in the eyes of law. In the present case, there is proper consideration between both Jane and Jack. Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car for $ 25000 and Jack accepts this offer. so there is valid legal agreement between both parties (Australian government, 2016). Conclusion: As per the above principals and rules of consideration, Contract between the Jane and Jack is valid, because there is proper consideration and acceptance in the agreement, where one party offer something and other accept the proposal with a value. So in the given case, Jack can enforce the contract as per the Australian contract law. (C) Issue: In the given case, Jane offers her Lotus Super 7 sports car to Jack for $2500. Under the given case it has to be finding out, whether consideration is present or not in the given case. Jack accepts this offer with the given information. Rule: In every agreement, consideration must be sufficient doesnt mean adequacy of consideration. According to the Australian contract act, consideration is not necessary to be always in monetary terms, it can be in non monetary factor such as love and affection. For agreement to be valid, it must have some value. In other words, one party must give benefit to other party or detriment under the contract (e-lawresources, 2016). Consideration must not be in the past because past consideration agreement is void in the eyes of law. If A promises B, to sell his house worth $ 50000 for $5 than this would be an inadequate consideration. Inadequate consideration is not void. Application: In the case Thomas v Thomas, 1842 2 QB 851, 114 ER 330, John Thomas, orally expresses his desire to his wife before dying, to have the house as a residence. After the death, executors of defunct resources allowed his widow to live one of his houses as long as she remains widow (US legal, 2016). Widow of the deceased paying $1 annually as a rent and keep the house tenantable repair. There is an issue accrue that appellant refused to complete the conveyance, because the lacking of consideration. Under this case, Australian court held that agreement between the executors and Ms Thomas is valid, because consideration must have some value in the eyes of law no need to be adequate (Case brief, 2016). In the present case, Jane offers her sports car to Jack in $2500 that is valid contract, because there is a consideration which has benefited to each party. Conclusion: As discussed in above paragraphs, Australian court concluded the case that agreement between the Jane and Jack is valid agreement. There must be consideration exist in any agreement in the eyes of law that is not necessary it must be adequate (Liu and McKendrick, 2015). So, the consideration exists between Jane and Jack. 2. ISSUE: A Shipbuilder enters into a contract with North Ocean Tankers to build tankers. The contract is in US dollars and does not contain any provision for currency fluctuations. But during midway of the construction of ship, the currency devaluated by 10 percent and shipbuilder demanded extra US$3 million, otherwise it will not carry out further work of construction of ship. The North Ocean tanker reluctantly agrees to pay the amount, because it has already hired a charter and also had to deliver the tanker on time (Gibson and Fraser, 2013). Furthermore, in this case the issue is that whether buyer will succeed in recovering the amount after 9 months of completion of contract or not. Rules: The above case comes under the law of duress. As per, Australian Contract law, Duress is defined as a contract law, where a person enters into a contact because of some threat or illegitimate pressure. In previous days, the court has only recognized the threat of physical violence but in present times, it has also recognized in various contracts, which gives rise to a valid claim. Duress exercises at common law. The basis of duress is that it contains a vitiating factor which includes absence of free consent (Latimer, 2012). Pressure which is not included in duress, gives rise to an action that includes under undue influence in equity. The contract is said to be voidable under duress an under influence contract law. The plaintiff may cancel the contract or may claim for damages. Duress to person: When a person enters into a contract because of threat of physical violence, it is considered as duress to person (Twomey, et al., 2016). In this case, the contract is set aside by the court providing that threat was the reason of entering into the contract. Duress to goods: It includes threat to damage property. Duress to goods also includes detaining of property by one party wrongfully. Economic duress: Economic duress is another important type of duress in contract law, which is most commonly found in commercial contract disputes. It occurs, when one party to contract made unfair economic pressure on other party to follow the terms of the contract. Economic duress includes existence of continuous contract between plaintiff and defendant. There is also of free consent of party. Furthermore, it also included damages to financial interest of someone or threats which are illegitimate. The main factor to be considered in economic duress is that whether plaintiff had adequate or practical alternative or not (Erbacher, 2012). The practical or reasonable alternative means that it must be adequate for the claimant/ plaintiff purpose in that running/ given situation. For example, In a particular situation, if the plaintiff had acquired goods and services at reasonable price from another alternative easily, then court considers it as reasonable alternative and it does not comes under economic duress, as it is not done under illegitimate pressure of someone. Elements of economic duress: Examples of elements of economic duress include Illegitimacy of pressure or wrongful threat on the plaintiff, non- availability of reasonable alternative to plaintiff, and the threat which forces or induces the plaintiff to enter into the contract. There are various factors, which are to be considered by the court before providing claim to the plaintiff, which includes unavailability of reasonable claim to the plaintiff. In addition to this, it is also considered by the court that whether plaintiff had protested at the time of signing of contract and also whether the duress is the main reason behind agreeing to the conditions of defendant. Furthermore, it is also considered that whether defendant act was in bad faith or not (Sweet and Scheneier, 2012). If the above conditions are present in a particular contract, then it successfully proves to be the case of economic duress and court gives the right to plaintiff to recover the money which is paid by him under illegitimate pressure. Application: North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction (The Atlantic Baron)[1979] In this case, defendant agrees to build a ship for the claimants for a certain price. The price of contract is in US dollars. After the formation of contract by both the parties, the value of US dollars goes down by 10%. The condition was made by the defendant that the claimant has to pay the additional 10% amount on the contractual price to carry out the further construction work of ship. The plaintiff agrees to pay the extra amount to defendant without any protest as they already hired charter to carry out the work. After 8 months of the delivery of the ship, claimant brings an action to recover the amount which was paid by him (Turner, 2014). The decision was held by the court of appeal that contract was voidable for duress and claimant has no right to recover the amount because claimant takes too long to bring their application for claim. In the given case, the buyer is commercially compelled to pay US$3 million. Even though the contract between them does not contains any such pr ovision, so the there was legal ground on which demand was made. This case contains economic duress as ship builder is causing financial distress to the buyer. Conclusion: The plaintiff (North Ocean Tanker) under the given case has no right to recover the excess amount because it took too long time (9months) to bring claim in the court of law. So it lost legal rights to recover the excess amount which was paid by them. Because as per above case North Ocean Shipping v Hyundai Construction Ltd, the judgment was made by the court of appeal that claimant has lost his right to claim the excess amount (Kang, et al., 2016). Reference ACL (2016) Overview of Australian contract law. [Online]. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law.html (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Australian government (2016) what is valid consideration. [online]. Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/Policy-Topics/Business/Small-Business/Legal-Topics/Contracts/Agreement-making/Valid-consideration (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Burrows, A. (2012) A Restatement of the English Law of Unjust Enrichment. UK: OUP Oxford. Case brief (2016) Thomas v Thomas. [online]. Available at: https://casebrief.me/casebriefs/thomas-v-thomas/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Contract law (2016) Consideration. [Online]. Available at: https://contractlaw.yolasite.com/consideration.php (Accessed: 23 August 2016). e-lawresources (2016) contract consideration. [online]. Available at: https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Consideration.php (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Erbacher, S. (2012) Australian Restitution Law. UK: Routledge. Gibson, A. and Fraser, D. (2013) Business Law. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU. Inc, I. (2013) Australia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws. USA: Int'l Business Publications. Kang, J.Y., Kim, S., Murphy, H. and Tenold, S. (2016) British financial, managerial and technical assistance in establishing the global shipbuilding giant, Hyundai Heavy Industries. International Journal of Maritime History, 28(1), pp.81-101. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law. Australia: CCH Australia Limited. Legal dictionary (2016) what is consideration. [Online]. Available at: https://legaldictionary.net/consideration/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Liu, Q., and McKendrick, E. (2015) Contract Law: Australian Edition. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Stone, R. and Devenney, J. (2014) Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law.UK: Routledge. Sweet, J. and Schneier, M. (2012) Legal Aspects of Architecture, Engineering and the Construction Process.9th edn. US: Cengage Learning. Turner, C. (2014) Unlocking Contract Law. 4thedn. UK: Routledge. Twomey, D., Jennings, M. and Greene, S.(2016) Business Law: Principles for Today's Commercial Environment.5thedn. US: Cengage Learning. Unistudy Guides (2016) Beaton v McDivitt. [Online]. Available at: https://www.unistudyguides.com/wiki/Beaton_v_McDivitt (Accessed: 23 August 2016). US legal (2016) Adequate consideration law legal definition. [online]. Available at: https://definitions.uslegal.com/a/adequate-consideration/ (Accessed: 23 August 2016). Virgo, G. (2015) The Principles of the Law of Restitution. USA: Oxford University Press.

Rivers in the Wasteland by NEEDTOBREATHE free essay sample

Needtobreathe is an American alternative rock band from Seneca, South Carolina. The band is composed of Bear Rinehart with lead vocals, guitar, and piano, Bo Rinehart with backing vocals and guitar, and Seth Bolt with backing vocals and bass. Their most recent album is called â€Å"Rivers in the Wasteland† and was released this year. It is easily recognizable by their more organic and acoustic-driven sound, attributed to the recent resignation of their former drummer Joe Stillwell. This new album is more mature, featuring beautiful lyrics describing their never-ending faith, loyalty to each other, and relationship with God. The opening song, â€Å"Wasteland† is the story of realizing what matters most to us in the end. Sometimes in all of our lives we feel as if we are living in a wasteland, constantly being bombarded with the negativity of society, and this song tells us to have hope and look for the â€Å"river in the wasteland†. We will write a custom essay sample on Rivers in the Wasteland by NEEDTOBREATHE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This song perfectly sets up the album, by explaining the title of the album and revealing the trials and tribulations of the band right at the starting gate. â€Å"Brother† is a song essentially about the relationship of the band. Their brotherhood was put to the test with the resignation of Joe Stillwell, and they passed with flying colors. Not only did they come back even stronger than before, but it also reflected in their music. Lines like â€Å"brother let me be your shelter†, and â€Å"I can be the one you call when you’re low† show just how much they care for each other as a band. Bo Rinehart says in an interview â€Å"The band had to go through a pretty tough time to realize how much we needed each other, but we came out the other side with an appreciation that only brothers can have.† â€Å"Difference Maker† is probably the most meaningful and thought-provoking songs in the album. At first it comes off as beautiful and inspirational, but after really listening to the lyrics, you realize it might be just the opposite. It is more of a sad satire, about an arrogant man who looks back at the crowd and says that he is the difference maker; he is the only one who speaks to God. What Bear wanted us to realize is, â€Å"How valuable are we, really?†. It shows us how foolish our pride really is. The last song, â€Å"More Heart, Less Attack† pinpoints the theme of the band as a whole, to be more loving and less hateful or negative. It is the perfect ending to a fantastic album, leaving us inspired and wanting more. In an interview, Bear says that the album to him is autobiographical. He says, â€Å"That’s what the wasteland is all about. There’s a crack in the door filled with light, and that’s all we have to start. Our ambition got in the way and our priorities got in the wrong place, and being on the road, and not knowing where we are. At the end of the album, the truth is there, and we’ve realigned our priorities. That really is the story of what happened to the band over that year. God had a plan for this album.† Rivers in the Wasteland teaches us about love, faith, and brotherhood with inspiring lyrics and beautiful melodies. It is an eye-opening album that I will continue to listen to for many years to come.

The Differences Between Rack and Wrack

The Differences Between Rack and Wrack As Jeremy Butterfield points out: The relationship between the forms rack and wrack is complicated, and the spellings are sometimes interchangeable (Oxford A-Z of English Usage, 2013). Definitions Rack and Wrack as VerbsAs a verb, rack means to torture or cause great suffering, or to place (something) in or on a rack. The verb wrack  means to wreck or cause the ruin of something. Rack  and  Wrack  as NounsAs a  noun,  rack means a frame, a shelf, an instrument of torture, or a state of intense anguish. The noun wrack means destruction or wreckage. Idiomatically, we may rack the billiard balls, rack up points, and roast a rack of lamb. But when it comes to nerve-(w)racking experiences or (w)racking our brains, most writers, dictionaries, and usage guides admit to being (w)racked with uncertainty. See the (sometimes contradictory) usage notes below. Examples One  bicycle, rusted as if  it had been there for years, leaned in the rack, its fenders supporting crescents of white. (John Updike, Flight.  The Early Stories: 1953-1975. Knopf,  2003)To delight in seeing men stabbed, poisoned, racked, or impaled is certainly the sign of a cruel temper. (Joseph Addison, The Spectator, April 20, 1711)I have sometimes been wildly, despairingly, acutely miserable, racked with sorrow, but through it all, I still know quite certainly that just to be alive is a grand thing. (Agatha Christie, An Autobiography, 1977)Penny was wracked with sorrow for his friends. His face was strained. (Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, The Yearling, 1938)There is a half-filled baby bottle on the cupboard shelf. She picks it up. The babys cry is becoming nerve-wracking. (Paddy Chayefsky, The Goddess, 1958)But having to be present for merchandise deliveries that Eunice ordered online or on the phone was nerve-racking. (Joseph Wambaugh, Hollywood Moon, 2009)Lud had been going to wrack and ruin for centuries. (Stephen King, Wizard, and Glass, 1997) Usage Notes and Idiom Alerts Rack and wrack are confused so frequently that most dictionaries now list both spellings for the verb meaning torment and the noun meaning destruction. (Margery Fee and Janice McAlpine, Guide to Canadian English Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2007) Idioms and Variant Spellings In some senses, the verbs rack and wrack are synonymous, and the two words, each as either noun or verb, are nearly interchangeable at some points. The usage problems arise over which spelling to use where there seems to be a possible or a clear overlap in meaning. Most Edited English will prefer to rack your brain, wrack and ruin, storm-wracked, and pain-wracked, but other Standard written evidence, including some Edited English, will use the variant spelling for each. (Kenneth G. Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993) (W)rack and Ruin The expression (w)rack and ruin preserves the original sense of destruction. (These days rack, and ruin is the more common spelling in both British and American English, by the evidence of the BNC and CCAE.)...As often, figurative uses of rack and wrack have enlarged their domains and made the spelling interchangeable wherever the sense of severe stress and destruction apply. Wrack seems to be gaining ground there, although still less common than rack in collocations such as nerve-racking and racking ones brains. (Pam Peters, The Cambridge Guide to English Usage. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Nerve-Racking Wrack is commonly used as a verb synonymous with the figurative senses of rack...Probably the most sensible attitude would be to ignore the etymologies of rack and wrack (which, of course, is exactly what most people do) and regard them simply as spelling variants of one word. If you choose to toe the line drawn by the commentators, however, you will want to write nerve-racking, rack ones brains, storm-wracked, and for good measure wrack and ruin. Then you will have nothing to worry about being criticized for- except, of course, for using too many clichà ©s. (Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, Merriam-Webster, 1994) Rack em Up The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage has a great idea here: Never use wrack, because it confuses people. Instead, when wrack means wreck, just use wreck. (But when you mean inflict damage, spell it wreak. You wreak havoc on; you never wreck havoc because havoc is unwreckable.)O.K., keynoters, lets rack em up: Its traditional to rack up your opponent with a good tongue-lashing for having led the country to wrack and ruin, and after you rack up a victory, you can wreak patronage vengeance from high atop your city on a hill. (William Safire, Quoth the Maven: More on Language from William Safire. Random House, 1993) Wracked With Doubt The noun rack applies to various types of framework; the verb rack means to arrange on a rack, to torture, trouble, or torment: He was placed on the rack. She racked her brain....The noun wrack  means ruin or destruction, as in wrack and ruin and wracked with pain. Also nerve-wracking....The verb wrack has substantially the same meaning as the verb rack, the latter being preferred. (The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law 2011. Associated Press, 2015) Practice He placed his trunk in the luggage _____ and took a seat by the window.The bridge had fallen into _____ and ruin. Answers to Practice Exercises Answers to Practice Exercises: Rack and Wrack He placed his trunk in the luggage rack and took a seat by the window.The bridge had fallen into (w)rack and ruin.

Application of concept analysis to clinical practice Essay

Application of concept analysis to clinical practice - Essay Example The concept applied in clinical practice is confidentiality. It is an essential element in clinical practice because all aspects of participation of the patient and medical practitioner revolve around confidentiality and consent.The medical practitioner is responsible for ensuring that all medical records are kept in a confidential manner. The reliability of information and data is an important keystone to good medical practices. In most cases, patients are content with undergoing clinical tests as long as they can entrust confidential information and data to medical professionals. The distinguishing feature of clinical practice is that most of the information affects patients and their family members (Pinch, 2000). Therefore, the principles of data protection and confidentiality are crucial in the provision of services within the healthcare sector. This also gives the patient assurance that the clinical practitioner can reassure privacy. It is vital to note that this is not always a ssured in the clinical context where results of a clinical test may provide information about the patient and their family members. For instance in genetics, the results of a clinical test provides information about the patient and his family members. As the scope of clinical trials and practice increases, it is paramount for the clinical practitioner to ensure that information is managed in a proper manner. The management of clinical information may present challenges to healthcare professional and patients. Patients expect clinical professionals to access their medical information, and use their clinical experience and expertise to interpret the information and data in order to provide appropriate medical advice (Brown & Stobart, 2008). The information used in the clinical context may be private and personal. Intrusion into patient privacy is generally justified by the assumption that the patient has authorized access to the information (Pinch, 2000). The information obtained may generate inferences to other family members. The views of the other family members may be unknown. Additionally, they may disapprove access to such information. This means that the information is generated in confidential circumstances to one individual, but it is significant to other people. Clinical practice may want to use this data and information to help the patient and other people involved. However, clinical practice is unsure whether it is acceptable within the precincts of confidentiality and data protection. Method of Analysis In this case, the authors of the article examine confidentiality from a theoretical perspective. The article uses concept analysis and clinical based empirical investigations. A review of literature and clinical practices defines consequences, attributes, antecedents and empirical references (Pinch, 2000). The article relied on the themes from the definitions of confidentiality. These were provided by participants in various projects within the scope of genetics and HIV/AIDS. The method of analysis provides updated guidance on the issues of confidentiality and consent in clinical practice. The method focused on clinical professionals. The methods were resultant features of proposals that focused on the use of clinical tests, trials and results (Pinch, 2000). The method also recognized that the issue of confidentiality in clinical practice was becoming relevant. Most importantly, the article introduced the principles of confidentiality and consent in clinical practice. This was expanded using clinical cases and illustrations. Steps of the Process The steps for ensuring confidentiality in clinical practice are based on the code of standards of conduct, ethics and performance for midwives and nurses. According to such codes, clinical practice must respect the rights of people to confidentiality. Clinical professionals must also ensure that people are informed about clinical process (Pinch,

Art and El Anatsui Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art and El Anatsui - Research Paper Example This is an artwork incorporating a collection of aluminum plates together with copper wires. Anatsui is determined to challenge the stereotype of metal being a solid, inflexible medium and to a certain extent portray it to be a soft, pliant and almost sumptuous material which is capable of attaining vast dimensions and being modified to precise spaces. The forms created by Anatsui are layered with implications that reach far beyond the physical characteristics of his choice of materials. As showed in this eight-foot-tall figure of an oversized wastepaper pack, Anatsui makes an outright proclamation about the climbing issue of waste change in third planet countries which have restricted reusing proficiencies. This artwork also interprets upon the frequent not reusable nature of human life in a rather subtle way. Comprising of trashed printing plates which were used for obituary pages in newspapers, the portrayed images with their death announcements remind people of the incessant scou rge of illness, corruption and maltreatment in a nation which has been struggling with the long-term aftermath, which is attributed to the effects of colonialism high illiteracy levels which has caused underdevelopment and corruption.This is an artwork incorporating a collection of aluminum plates together with copper wires. Anatsui is determined to challenge the stereotype of metal being a solid, inflexible medium and to a certain extent portray it to be a soft, pliant and almost sumptuous material which is capable of attaining vast dimensions... It is only after close up scrutiny that someone is able to know that the sculptures are made from discarded materials like in this wastepaper bag, which comprises of trashed printing plates. There are other artworks where he has used flattened tins, tops and liquor bottle wrappers (Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute 17). Through his artwork, El Anatsui guides his audience to reflect the social and economic account of West Africa’s past, consumerism, and garbage, as woven into fine-looking sculptures. The lesson from this artwork is that students can craft their own drapery as a response to Anatsui's art, incorporating African kente to find out rhythm and pattern in art. Waste materials can be recycled for use which in this artwork of wastepaper bag, it included folded papers and labels. It is the use of craft sticks which are then glued to a burlap background which gives the piece its firmness and dimension, enabling it to hang as a sculptural â€Å"Gawu† (Sterli ng and Francine Clark Art Institute 21). Although Anatsui has also worked using a variety of other mediums such as the wastepaper bag which was made of paper, he is however best known for his shimmering metal sculptures which he makes from several thousand liquor bottle tops of West African origin. This is one of the most renowned art works of El Anatsui. This wonderful piece of art work gives an insider's view of Anatsui’s practice of art. It took ingenious steps coupled with thousands of hours of labor. This is what converted the recycled waste bottle tops into the big, magnificent wall hangings. This artwork is a marriage of painting and sculpture; it is an object which speaks of African history as well as for the ethereal. This art piece or art work is very descriptive, and gives the audience

Materials Used in the Marine Environment

Materials Used in the Marine Environment G.R.P Piping Used For Cargo Transfer Glass Reinforced Plastic Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) is widely used in the marine environment because of its many useful properties. Glass Reinforced Plastic is composed of fine glass fibres woven to form a flexible fabric. The weave pattern determines the strength and weight of the GRP. There are different weave patterns used for the production of GRP depending on the application. Different resins may be added to the woven fiberglass to give it added strength and allow it to be molded into numerous shapes. Weave patterns for GRP Advantages and Properties of Glass Reinforced Plastic piping GRP pipes have a major advantage of corrosion resistance (a typical property of plastics), their strength and durability. This makes them ideal for conveying all kinds of water, chemicals and other cargoes. The major advantages of GRP are: Corrosion resistance, of both the wall in contact with the fluid carried by the pipe and the external wall. Therefore the need for extra protection such as coating or painting is minimal. Chemical resistance. GRP is minimally reactive, making it ideal for chemical pipelines and other areas where chemicals are used. Easy installation procedure Low weight The smooth internal walls avoids the formation of deposits. Requires minimal maintenance after installation GRP can be made fire resistant by the addition of special additives. Glass reinforced plastics do not conduct electricity, they also resist electric sparks. Long life. Raw Materials Used in the production of GRP Polyester resins and glass reinforcements are the main raw materials used in the manufacture of Glass Reinforced Plastics. Resins Polyester resins are the major resins employed in the manufacture of GRP, although other resins such as phynol, epoxy and vinylester are used when certain performance characteristics are required. Polyesters offer a good balance of electrical, mechanical and chemical resistance properties, at reasonably low cost. They are easy to handle and also have good dimensional stability. Polyesters are usually manufactured by reacting glycols and dibasic organic acids, both of which contain a double-bonded pair of carbon atoms. The polyester resin is a thermoset, when subjected to the right conditions it is capable of being cured from solid or liquid state. There are two main types of polyester resins used. Orthophthalic polyester resin is the standard resin widely used. Isophthalic polyester resin is the preferred material in the marine industry where superior water resistance or required or high corrosive products have to be conveyed. Glass reinforcements Glass fibre is the most widely used reinforcing material. Various components are mixed to produce a basic compound which is then melted at high temperature in a furnace to produce glass. The molten glass is drawn into thin filaments which are then processed into strands that are the basic reinforcements for the resins. Glass fibres are made from silica (SiO2) sand which melts at 1993K or 1720 °C. SiO2 is heated up to 1720 °C and then rapidly cooled to produce glass. Although glass fibre can be made from SiO2 alone, other materials can be added to improve or add certain properties. There are major grades of glass necessary to produce pipes used in the marine environment; â€Å"C† glass grade: this grade has improved resistance to chemical attack and mostly used for making the inner liner of pipes. â€Å"E† glass grade: strong and low in alkali content, good tensile and compressive strength, good electrical properties but resistance to impact is relatively poor. This grade is not totally inert in chemically corrosive environments so a protective liner is required to protect the integrity of the glass. â€Å"E-CR† glass: this grade has long term resistance to chemicals. Although the composition doesn’t much from the E-glass, the resistance to acid corrosion is a lot better. This grade has Lloyd’s approval and are certified to meet the Boeing BMS-8-79 Specification. Some additional raw materials may include catalysts for polyester resins, accelerators, inhibitors, thixotropic agents, silica. Manufacturing Process Regulations associated with the use of GRP on ships The International maritime Organization has specific guidelines for the use of plastics for pipes on ships. The guidelines provide acceptance standards, design requirements, and fire testing performance standards for plastics in piping systems independent of service or location. The guidelines refer to both thermosetting and thermoplastic plastics, with or without reinforcement. Material Design Properties and Design Criteria for GRP Piping used for cargo transfer The piping should have adequate strength to accommodate severe conditions of temperature, pressure, and the dynamic conditions of the environment. Pipes should also have a minimum wall thickness to ensure sufficient strength for handling, cargo transfer and other activities on board ships. Internal pressure: The internal pressure of piping systems should not be less than the maximum working pressure expected under working conditions or the highest set pressure of fitted safety or pressure relieve valves. The nominal internal pressure for a pipe should be calculated by dividing the short-term hydrostatic test failure by a factor of safety of 4.[i] External pressure: In the design of these piping systems, the external pressure should not be less than the sum of maximum potential head of liquid outside the pipe. The nominal external pressure should be calculated by the collapse test pressure by a factor of safety of 3.[ii] Axial Strength: the sum of all longitudinal stresses due to weight, pressure or dynamic loads should not be more than the allowable stress in the longitudinal direction. In this case where Glass Reinforced Plastic pipes are used, the sum of the longitudinal stresses should not surpass half of the nominal circumferential stress derived from the nominal internal pressure determined by dividing the short-term hydrostatic test failure by a factor of safety of 4.[iii] Temperature: the piping system should be able to serve perfectly over the range of temperatures it will experience. The maximum working temperature should be at least 20 °C less than the minimum heat distortion temperature of the resin. The minimum heat distortion temperature shouldn’t be lower than 80 °C. Where pipes are to be used for low-temperature services, special attention should be given to the material properties.[iv] Impact Resistance: the minimum resistance to impact of the piping should be to the satisfaction of the administration. Ageing: When selecting design materials for pipes, the manufacturer should ensure that the environmental effects will not degrade the physical, mechanical or chemical properties of the pipes below the values to meet these guidelines. Satisfactory ageing tests should be performed on materials before selection. Erosion Resistance: The effect of erosion should be considered when designing pipes. Adequate measures (such as increased wall thickness, use of special liners etc.) should be taken to ensure the erosion resistance of the pipes. Compatibility: the materials used in producing the pipes should be compatible with the fluids the pipes are used to convey or immersed in.[v] â€Å"The manufacturer should have a quality system that meets ISO 9001, â€Å"Quality Systems – Model for quality assurance in design/development, production, installation and servicing†, or equivalent.†[vi] The quality system during manufacture should bases on requirements and standards necessary to produce pipes with the most suitable physical and mechanicals properties. GRP Pipes and Metal Pipes Comparison Because of the materials used in the manufacture of glass reinforced plastics, they have good strength and light weight. GRP pipes have smooth, non-absorbent internal walls to allow for smooth flow of the cargoes they convey. They are also inert in nature and very durable. Some other advantages of GRP pipes include high tensile strength, corrosion resistance, low density, scaling resistance, flexibility and easy installation, long life and minimal maintenance. Metal pipes are more expensive to manufacture, they react to changes in temperature and corrode quite easily. Metals are also heavier and have a more tedious installation process. Galvanized steel pipes have a high possibility of lead contamination. Over time, the physical and mechanical properties of metals degrade. GRP piping is most suitable for cargo transfer as it has the most advantages. References The Reinforced Plastics Handbook by John Murphy http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jo7KwTldSNQCprintsec=frontcover#v=onepageqf=false Crystic Composites Handbook December 2005, Scott Bader Company LTD http://www.scottbader.com/uploads/files/3381_crystic-handbook-dec-05.pdf Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22601filename=A753%2818%29.pdf Web Pages http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/polyester-resins/8 25 August 2014 http://plumcots.com/grp-pipes-metal-pipes-comparison.php 25 August 2014 http://www.ayhanozdemir.net/GRP%20PIPE%20TECHNICAL%20REPORT.htm 25 August 2014 [i] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.2 http://www.imo.org/blast/blastDataHelper.asp?data_id=22601filename=A753%2818%29.pdf [ii] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.3 [iii] Resolution A.753(18), Guidelines For the Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships, page 345, paragraph 2.1.4 [iv] Resolution A.753(18), Page 345, paragraph 2.1.5 [v] Resolution A.753(18), Page 346 [vi] Resolution A.753(18), Chapter 3, Material Approval and Quality Control During Manufacture

Flood hazards: impacts and responses for the built environment Essay

Flood Introduction What are some of the major challenges emergency managers will confront during the response phase of this disaster?   Why are these problems?   Why are these issues important to resolve?Finally, how can these problems be overcome by the emergency manager and other related actors or agencies?                   Floods are natural occurrences which are experienced during periods of high-intensity rainfall regularly. The changes in climatic patterns changes the intensity of rain and this could lead to future occurrences of floods. The emergency managers faces a lot of problems in trying to deal with this problem during the response phase. Some of the problems include communication system, geographical position, experience in handling the problem, lack of resources to deal with the emerging problem which in this case is floods among many more(Moore & Barnes, 2004).                   Communication being a very important aspect in any activity of a particular group, its importance should not be underestimated. Lack of proper communication systems during the response stage in floods would lead to poor service delivery to the affected people. The geographical position of an area would determine how fast or slow the response team arrives at the scene to help. People staying in areas that can be easily accessed by the team are always rescued easily by the team. Selecting the best team for any emergency case is always a major problem faced. Improper selection leads to poor service hence the need to always choose the best team.                   The aforementioned problems can be overcome by incorporating qualified personnel into the response team. In areas with accessibility problems, the best means available should always be sought. Good communication systems is also very important because the response team works together and it’s only through proper communication that they will render the best services. Who will be the most critical actors to arrive initially at the scene of the incident? Why are these actors so crucial? What kind of equipment and training should they possess?                   The most important people to first arrive at the flood scene should be the Red Cross members, the fire fighters, health and mental volunteers. These people form the rescue teams. They help in evacuating the people from the flood invested area.                   There exists two types of floods; those that occur gradually and the flash floods which may occur with little or no warning. The rescuers therefore undergo training to help curb all the two types. The most important skill one needs to know is the first aid skill and secondly how to operate a radio. Some however may also have the Swiftwater Training certificate. The people should be trained on hydrology which involves learning how water behaves when it’s moving quickly through a confined area. This helps them know to read the surface hence knowing the location of hidden materials like vehicle, concrete posts among others.                   Defensive swimming is also another skill learned by the rescuers. This helps in keeping themselves safe. Working as a team is also another highly regarded skill that a person should possess. Working as teams helps the team achieve their objectives very first.                   The equipment carried during the rescue process includes megaphones and whistles which assist in communications, ropes that would be used in pulling people to safety places and extra life jackets that would help keep them warm. In addition, they also have lanterns and flares for staying in touch.                   What are some of the major and pressing considerations to consider when dealing with this disaster scenario? What are some hazards that will need to be assessed and overcome? Who will need to be warned or evacuated? Will transportation and shelter arrangements need to be made?                   There are major considerations that should be considered when dealing with floods. The considerations include studying the flood frequency, the length of inundation and the effects of flood and role of mitigation in controlling the flood (Strahler, 1973).                   In controlling floods, there are hazards which needs to be assessed. Gathering the hydrologic data directly from the nearby rivers is always very essential even though it might be time consuming. When data have been collected for quite a long time through stream gauging, then models can be used in coming up with statistical frequency of any given flood events. The importance of hazard assessments that are found based on the remote the remotely available sensing data, field observations and damage reports is that they can be used in instances when quantitative data is not available.                   As mentioned earlier, the importance of determining statistical frequency is that it’s helpful in determining their probability. In areas without records for a long period of time, the assessments are always very difficult.                   The people that stays near rivers or in areas that are prone to floods needs to be warned or evacuated depending on the situation of the flood. Those that stay in areas that are highly prone to floods should be evacuated. When distances that should be travelled are long, then transportation and shelter provisions ought to be made available to the affected people.                   List the steps that would need to be taken starting with the most pressing needs down to the final details. How will emergency medical care be distributed? Will mass triage need to be established? Will the affected area need to be cordoned off?                   The steps taken in helping solve or reduce floods and its effects include what is commonly known as the 3M approach. It involves Measuring Mapping (Schumann, 2011) Modelling                   Failing to do what should be done on time has always thwarted the efforts of several governments, or organizations in coming up with a long lasting effect concerning floods. Complete protection from floods might however be hard but under good preparations, flood evasion is easy. The above listed points starts with planning. Prolonged warnings always makes people to be ready and hence helps them keep their belongings safe (Moore, 2004).                   Emergency medical care to people affected with floods is very important and so is its distribution. The medical care equipment can be distributed through the use of helicopters in areas where other means of transportation is impossible. In instances where the flood is not extreme, then the drugs are distributed by the medical officers or the volunteers.                   Mass triage needs to be established in areas where the flooding effects were extreme and a lot of people are affected. Areas under flood are likely to pose a higher threat for individuals to contract water borne diseases and hence the need for mass triage. Cordoning off an area might also be necessary so as to differentiate the flood infested areas from those that are not. Cordoned off areas are not allowed to be reached by others unless the flood subsidises. Why is emergency management so important during this phase? Could an unorganized response actually lead to more confusion and chaos? How can resources and personnel be allocated efficiently with a central command post?                   Emergency management is important in each and every stage in disaster management. However, its importance is very vital during this stage because of the following reasons. Emergency management helps overcoming the emergencies because there is always a plan for it. With a good plan in place, all is possible. Secondly, emergency management helps in knowing the best way to deal with any problem should it arise. Having a survival kit is also another way through which emergency management helps an individual during occurrences like the flood. Inside the kit there are materials that are necessary in overcoming the emergency (Haddow, Bullock & Coppola, 2008).                   Confusion and chaos arises in situations where after an emergency, there is unorganized response from the management team. This always comes as a result of lack of emergency management tips.                   Having a central command post during emergencies like floods is very healthy in tackling the problem at hand efficiently. The stakeholders involved in helping solve the emergency for example floods, always assemble in the command post and work cooperatively to successfully mitigate the emergency through implementing a single incident action plan. A unified command post helps in the following ways Allows for specialist input whereby only specialised individuals are allowed to work on what they can handle It authorises each stakeholder to have input about how they believe the emergency will be managed.                   Having the right command post therefore ensures that only qualified personnel are assigned certain tasks. This is because they are the ones with authorities on that field hence they can always deliver their best. What are the initial steps that must be taken before recovery operations can take place? Why is disaster recovery so important? Should we strive to make the area better than I t was before the incident?                   Recovery involves rebuilding the whole community so that the affected individuals, governments and other body can now work on their own as they resume normalcy as well as prevent them from future hazards (Clements, 2009).                   The following should be done before recovery operations can take place. The officials should get clearance to enter the site. The extent of the damage should also be looked at before starting the recovery process. Those planning to undertake the recovery process should also get professional advice. Command centre for the recovery effort should also be sought before embarking on the recovery process. Another important aspect that should be looked before starting the recovery process is establishing security procedures for the recovery site. Lastly, deciding how the salvaged materials will be treated should also be looked before commencing the recovery process.                   Recovering from the trauma experienced during the floods might be quite challenging for many people. Therefore proper recovery steps must be undertaken to ensure people heal appropriately. Some of the recovery efforts include; giving medical aid, providing relief which comprises of food, water etc., clearing up the area, rebuilding damaged structures, reopening schools, businesses and all those places that were affected. The disaster recovery is so important in that it attempts to bring the affected people back to normalcy. People recovering from disasters always tend to have negative views so through the use of recovery process, they are made to appreciate life once more.                   The recovery team should endeavour to make the area a better place than it was. Leaving an area in the same or worse state than it was before makes people have bad feelings about such cases. Hence, the need for making an area a better place than it was before.                   How can the public or non-profit organizations assist in recovery operations? Should volunteers be sought and utilized? How could public donations be collected? How could debris be recovered and removed?                   The public and the non-profit organisations have been used in recovery operations. The non-profit organizations serves as health care providers, emergency shelter operations, and search and rescue team. Furthermore, they offer psychological training, as well as emergency communications. The public may also be used in assisting the affected group through being with them together. This always makes such people feel appreciated. They always feel that people are together with them even in their predicaments. The role of the public and non-profit organizations like churches cannot be underestimated.                   So as to make the recovery process a success, volunteers should be utilised. Volunteers are people who are willing to offer certain assistance at no pay. These volunteers might have dealt with similar cases before and are therefore more suited to serve and help the affected people.                   Those in the team should however strive to know the real volunteers. Some may volunteer with sinister motives. These people always lower or reduce the rate at which recovery process is achieved. Such people always make use of the vulnerable condition of the affected people for their own selfish gain. This vice however should be condemned.                   Public donations are very helpful in helping people recover from floods and its effects. People affected by floods needs food, quick medical attention and other basic necessities. The donations from the public if not collected using the right channels, might end up not helping in the intended purpose. Special bodies should always be put in place to man the public donations.                   Prompt cleaning of debris remains after the floods prevents odors, diseases. Contamination from run offs and many more. The following are some of the methods that are used to remove debris. The vegetation should be disposed of correctly. They should be handled in a manner that prevents draining into streams, ditches and other surface water sources (Lamond, 2012).                   Structures that are destroyed should be managed by the property owner and contractors if the floods affected construction sites. Sediments should also be discarded as solid waste.                   Whenever sewage is encountered during the debris disposal process that waste does not necessarily need to be separated. It should be disposed at a landfill mixed with other debris from the flood.                   Is the management of public relations crucial during the recovery process? How could information be relayed to the public to assure them that everything that needs to be done is being done? How could some of the survivor’s mental health have been affected by the disaster? Should crisis counselors be sought to deal with the survivors and victims of the disaster?                   The management of public relations is very important during the recovery process.                   Good public relations enhances good recovery. When there is poor public relations, there is less that canbe done to quicken the recovery process. Consoling affected people is of utmost importance during the recovery period. The people who have been affected by floods needs to be always encouraged that all is well and that help is always underway.                   Leaving people in conditions whereby they are not informed promptly, panic always arises. The best way to inform the public that all is well is by using leaders who they trust. Information which comes from a more authoritative person or a person who is experienced in a certain field holds more waters than information being rumored.                   The mental health of flood survivors may at times be affected. This is mainly in instances where the floods were so much and it caused serious destructions. The survivors might have seen some of their family members drown as a result of the floods. Sometimes, they themselves might have been rescued from death narrowly.                   For such people to heal completely, they need the services of a crisis counsellor for them to recover completely. The crisis counsellors are trained in dealing with problems like these and so they help the affected in overcoming the challenges they face.                   How important is it to promote a culture of vulnerability reduction to prevent disasters from occurringin the first place or at least mitigating their consequences if they do occur?                   Vulnerability is a set of conditions which results from physical, economic, environmental and social factors that increases a person’s susceptibility to the effects of the hazards.                   Promoting the culture of vulnerability helps in preventing disasters as well as mitigating their effects. This is due to the fact that the culture of vulnerability makes people aware of the problems they are facing. When one is aware of whatever he or she is undergoing, then he or she becomes prepared for anything. Being prepared means that solutions to problems can always be found before it’s too late.                   Apart from making people aware, people are also have strong coping capacity. They are always aware and so they can cope as required hence helps in preventing the disaster.                   How can technology be harnessed to smooth the recovery process? What are some tools available to emergency managers for recovery operations? Could the lessons learned from this disaster response and recovery be used in the future to better help communities respond to and deal with a disaster? What are some new and possibly unexpected threats that could arise in the future?Technology can be used to create tools that will lead to faster healings. The recovery process for it to be successful, technology must be used well. With the appropriate technology in place, transportation of medicine, staffs and other essentials that are needed will be availed easily.                   Tools available for use by emergency managers during the recovery process includes weather sensor and satellite, fibre optics, phones video, medical equipment. The lessons learnt from this disaster response are very helpful in dealing with future occurrences. The response when dealing with flood can be used when dealing with other types of floods. Some of the possible threats that are likely to occur during dealing with floods is the network problem. When floods occur, network connection is always tampered with. This happens to be the unexpected threats in when dealing with floods. Network unavailability hinders smooth communication. References Clements, B. (2009). Disasters and Public Health: planning and response. Amsterdam: Butterworth- Heinemann/Elsevier Haddow, G. D., B ullock, J. A., &Coppla, D. P. (2008). Introduction to Emergency Management (3rded.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Lamond, J. (2012). Flood hazards: impacts and responses for the built environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Moore, R.,&Barnes,J. (2004).Faces from the flood: Hurricane Floyd remembered. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Rao, S. R. (2006). Resource recovery and recycling from metallurgical wastes. Amsterdam: Elsevier Schumann, A. (2011). Flood risk assessment and management how to specify hydrological loads, their consequences and uncertainties. Berlin. Springer. Strahler, A. N. (1973). Environmental Science: Interaction between Natural Systems and Man. California: Hamilton Publishing Company. Wisner, B., Gaillard, J. C., &Kelman, I. (2012). The Routledge handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction. London: Routledge. Source document

Multiculturalism

   The Canadian government has sought to have multiculturalism evolve in the Canadian community so as to seal the ethnic loopholes which lead to racial and social injustices based on race, caste and various backgrounds. The policies are meant to undo all aspects of discriminatory perceptions in the Canadian diverse community. The success of multiculturalism is limited. However it is a challenge to the history of social cohesion.Cohesion is what makes various cultural backgrounds harmonize their socio-economic interests. In her purge to identify social discontentment within various cultures in Canada Nakhaie (2006) explains social injustices through discriminative aspects of the Canadian professionals and other stakeholders of the Canadian authority. Socio-economic inequality shows ethno-racial minorities have better qualifications but don’t have confidence in their identity as successful Canadians (pg, 150).  According to Patricia Roy (1995) the intentions of multicultural ism were basically to break down discriminatory attitudes and cultural jealousies. She quotes the a Canadian prime minister and says â€Å"National unity in the deeply personal sense must be founded on confidence in one's own individual identity; out of this can grow respect for that of others (pg, 201)† However the essence of multiculturalism lacks virtue leading the Canadian society to a society of un-equal minority ethnic communities. Patricia seeks to create the picture of increasing racism in Canada.The three pillars on which multiculturalism is built do not really give multiculturalism any autonomy. It rather creates radical rationales within the diverse ethnic cultures in Canada. Racial identity leads to inequality in the social classes, work and rank and income classification leading to disintegration of social justice and equity (150). Nakhaie draws a picture wherein there is no cohesion but various segments of dis-satisfied multicultural society. Immigrants have poo r jobs and poor pay while certain ethnic and social groups enjoy employment and connections within political and social circles.She points out factors leading to this imbalance of social equity as time of immigration, race, period of immigration and language. The consequence of this diversity and complexity in advocacy of multiculturalism is embedded in principals of institutions like the civil service and the civil society as well as other vital institutions. Through them, confidence in the principals of multiculturalism might be augmented in the people however, there seems to be an ideological dilemma in trusting the principals in the immigrants.The Canadian government needs to be more versatile in making these institutions of governance compliant to the principals of multiculturalism through embarking and practicing social justice, equity and equal distribution of power and opportunities to all Canadians in-spite of their race, language or origin. Through this, confidence in the principals of a diverse culture will be embraced and the populace will be happy to identify with a diverse Canada. However, current practices have led to difference in opinion about personal identity in various immigrant societies. As such personal ideology and perception on the essence of cohesion within a multicultural society with apertures of unequal opportunities and social classes (Nakhaie, 2006)Nakhaie is pinpointing the limitations of multiculturalism in Canada as a result of pervasiveness of an individual’s ideology about the difference in equitability of opportunities and social justice. Canadian government officials do not recognize professional background of immigrants leading to immigrants taking lower classification jobs.About 88% of these people learn in Canadian institutions but only 19% of qualified immigrants get jobs they are qualified for in Canada (Basran and Zong, 1998). Multiculturalism fails since most immigrants see discrimination as rampant. They bel ieve racial discrimination is rife through skin color, ethnic origin and the second language. Professional immigrants see no efforts to halt discrimination by the federal authorities.Identity as a Canadian regardless of admission to Canadian community legitimately is void in immigrants. This is seen through lack of immigrant voters in federal, municipal and provincial polls. Social and economic background leads to this minimal participation in the electoral process (154).   Efforts by minority groups in the civic level participate electoral processes is aimed at lobbying against discrimination and racial injustices (Nakhaie, 2006).This inequality has led to limitations in the implementation of multiculturalism policies. There is no sense of identity in many legitimate immigrants in Canada. The sense of belonging and attachment to Canada lacks due to multiculturalism’s inefficiency to integrate the diverse cultures of the society. However this is contentious since huge perce ntages of French speaking immigrants express attachment to their provinces. But English immigrants are less proud of their Canadian identity.  The contention of multiculturalism lies within the context of socio-economic achievements, lower minority group’s representations in the formal political circle. Native Canadians and those who pride in their early immigration to Canada feel multiculturalism undermines the Canadian identity. This forces them to seek to show and prove their rightfulness as the legitimate and older generation of Canadians. This has led to the prevalence of inequality in social equity, seen within the context of representation, participation and employment in Canada (152).Looking at assertions in her works, Nakhaie is emphatic on ideologies and policies. She say’s that â€Å"one can hypothesize that those who adhere to the ideology of individualism, privatism and corporatism would tend not to support racially targeted policies, believing instead that racial minority members are responsible for their own misfortune because of lack of talent, motivation and handiwork (153).† This is the cause of inequality in social justice regardless of policies that pit multiculturalism as essential to the integration of the society.   Despite well intended policies multicultural cohesion is not achievable due to discontent to social injustices and inequality making Canada a racial society. Nakhaie argues that these policies do not suffice to convince the society of their equal opportunities.The minorities feel they are not equal to other Canadians who pride in their culture and representation. The state polices are clear on representation. Government policies are clear that every Canadian should enjoy fundamental and unalienable rights all which he cannot be deprived by any body (Nakhaie, 2006). This has led to ideological differences about the need for the â€Å"equal opportunity† policies while the state takes them for gra nted.Nakhaie says that â€Å"this taken for granted-ness seems to contradict state attempts intended to eliminate or reduce inequalities or to change the established conventions and the fundamental principals of social order. It therefore clashes with policies that address group-based systemic inequalities that are grounded in collectiveness or specifically support ethno-minorities (153).† This is the contention of ideological differences in identity and lack of success in multiculturalism.The identity and pride associated with Canadian background is what multiculturalism stands for, however, the void due to various ethnic groups identifying with Canadian identity is what leads to an inequitable society. Various social backgrounds, ethnicity and social class differ with each other leading to diverse discontent with what the ideology of one Canada. English immigrants do not take pride in being Canadian while the French immigrants pride in the Canadian identity. This makes the future of multiculturalism unclear since there needs harmonization and integrations of cultures to make an equitable society.Apart from policies, the state should put efforts in adding panache to multiculturalism. Nakhaie says immigration policies should offer satisfactory guarantee that equity and identity should be a right to every Canadian and that prejudices and any form of discrimination is liable to prosecution.A set of implement-able policies to enhance multiculturalism and create a cohesive society:Advocate for social networks within ethno-minority societies in Canada to enhance and improve their capacity in social capital, representation, and participation. This will improve their representation, involvement and participation in the Canadian economic and civil society Advocate institutions practice of outreach missions to increase dissemination of information and policies to ethno-minority groups so as to enlighten and empower them about their rights and identity as Canadia ns who have rights like all other Canadians. Encourage minorities’ participation on political and other social activities which will invoke belief of belonging through active participation. Increase equity through equal distribution of all government resources, opportunities and other amenities to all Canadians so as to increase the notion of merit and awarding positions and other chances based on merit.ConclusionThe need for multiculturalism has been embedded on a clear policy of social equity and unity. However waning confidence in identity as Canadians within the minority cultures has made the need for multiculturalism to lack value. This makes the future of multiculturalism unclear unless the above policies and ideals are used to up the perspective of multiculturalism. The need for tolerance and cohesion and the ending of the animosity and resentment towards immigrants will make multiculturalism work (Gairdner, 1990)Works citedBasran, G and L.Zong. Deviation of foreign cr edentials as perceived by Non-White professional immigrants. Canada Ethnic Studies 30, No. 3:6-23Patricia E Roy; The Fifth Force: Multiculturalism and the English Canadian Identity; Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 538, Being and BecomingCanada. (Mar., 1995), pp. 199-209)M Rizah Nakhaie; Contemporary realities and future visions; Enhancing multiculturalism in Canada: Canadian Ethnic Studies No 1, (2006)William D. Gairdner, The trouble with Canada (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990), pp. 412-13.